Change of Trade Systems in Modern China

在两年的时间里，研究者对中国城市和农村贸易制度的变化进行了数据收集和分析。他从统计年鉴和地方志中搜集了一级行政单位（省等）、二级行政单位（区）、三级行政单位（县）的贸易统计资料。然后，他分析了近50年来贸易的基本变化，特别是在河南镇州、新镇和登封市地区，他可以进行实地调查。主要发现如下：1)中国贸易体制的社会化在经历了1949年以来的曲折过程后，在文化大革命时期完成了城乡贸易体制的社会化。2)1978年以来，中国的贸易体制自由化在农村和城市都得到了发展，出现了竞争原则的引入、私人商店的出现、自由市场的前景以及国营贸易和合作贸易的改革。3)城区开设了大量的零售市场，为居民提供了大部分易腐食品。工厂和学校等大型“单位”在其场地的路边建造了许多商店，并将其租给私人店主，从而形成了新的购物街。在竞争激烈的情况下，许多国营或合作百货店开张了，现在每个部门的合同都交给了民间商人。在城市边缘地带，大量批发市场的建立，给商品流通带来了巨大的变化。4)在农村地区，传统的周期性市场是主要的交易场所。在共产主义革命之前，但在社会主义政权下，合作社商店取代了它们。然而，在改革开放政策下，自由市场已经复苏，现在为居民提供最重要的日常必需品，特别是衣服。

For two years the investigator coducted data collection and its analysis on change of trade systems in China's urban and rural areas. He collected statistic on trade of the first class administration unit (province etc.), the second class one (district), and third class one (county) from statistic yearbooks and local gazetteers. Then he analyzed the fundamental changes of trade in recent fifty years, particularly those in Zhenzhou, Shinzhen and Denfeng city regions, Henan province, where he could conduct field research work..The main findings are as follows ;1)The socialization of trade systems in Cina was completed both in urban and rural areas during the era of the Great Cultural Revolution after zigzag process since 1949.2)The liberalization of trade system has developed both in rural and urban areas since 1978, and the introdutin of competition principle, the appearance of private shops, the prospect of free markets, and the reform of nation-run and cooperative trade have been observed.3)In urban area a lot of retail markets have been opened and supplyed most of perishable foods to the residents. The large 'units' such as factories and schools have built many shops at roadside of their grounds, rented them to private shop-keepers, and contributed to the formation of new shopping sreets as the result. Many state-run or cooperative department stores have been opened under severe competition, and each section of the stores now are given a contract to private traders. Many wholesale markets have been constructed in urban fringe and brought a big change of commodity flows.4)In rural area traditional periodic markets were the main places of trade. before the comunist revolution, but cooperative shops replaced them under the socialistic regime. Under the Reform and Opening Policy, however, free markets have revived and now supply most important part of daily neccessity, especially clothes, to the residents.