The Spanish Culture in the 1930s -from the Second Republic to the Civil War-

第二共和国对许多西班牙人来说，在文化和精神因素方面都是划时代的。共和国宪法否认天主教是官方的。这是西班牙语版的“文化斗争”。教会一直是西班牙人精神活动的重要据点。教会和天主教的作用被迫改变，例如，在教育、两性关系以及占有（土地）和家庭的概念方面。但是，这些事情让许多天主教思想的西班牙人感到不安。共和国攻击了制度性精神因素的另一个据点--军队。士兵（尤其是军官）的社会，以及军队的某些特征--男性的代表性和殖民地的统治--被迫改变。在内战期间，在叛乱地区恢复和强调天主教精神（以及传统的家庭和性别关系），以及帝国或军事西班牙。在共和国，“大众文化”运动蓬勃发展，西班牙文化的大众特征得到了强调。

The Second Republic was epochmaking for many Spaniards in the sphere of the culture and the mental factors. The Constitution of the Republic denied Catholicism to be official. This was the Spanish Version of 'Kultur Kampf'. The church had been the great stronghold of the Spanish mental activities. The role of the church and Catholicism was then obliged to be changed, for example, in the educations, sex-gender relations and conceptions of possession (of lands) and family. But, these things made many catholic-minded Spaniards uneasy. The Republic attacked the other stronghold of the institutional mental factor, the army. The society of soldiers (above all, of officers), and some of the characteristics of the army -representation of the masculine gender and the domination of the colonies- were obliged to be changed.During the Civil War, in the insurgent area revived and emphasized the spirit of the catholicisim (and of the traditional family and sex-gender relations), and imperial or martial Spain. In the Republic, movements of 'Cultura Popular' were flourishing, and the popular character of Spanish culture was emphasized.