Research on Disclosure in Criminal System

在日本，虽然在某些情况下，调查人员将嫌疑犯被捕等情况通知受害者，《刑事诉讼法》规定向申诉人发出起诉/不起诉通知等，并根据申诉人的要求说明不起诉的理由，但这些措施没有得到充分利用。1996年，在警察一级建立了通知受害者制度，负责调查的人员提供有关嫌疑犯是否被捕、他/她的身份以及对身体犯罪（谋杀、伤害、抢劫等）、肇事逃逸案件和交通事故致人死亡的受害者的处理情况的信息。此外，1999年修订了《刑事调查标准》，并制定了关于审议受害者和通知他/她的新规定。在公诉方面，自1991年以来，引进“向受害者等人通报”制度的检察院数量不断增加。1999年4月制定了国家标准并开始使用。根据该法，在对受害者或其亲属和其他人进行调查时，如果他们想知道，将告知处置结果、公开审判日期、结果、和解、审判上诉。在诸如死亡之类的严重案件中，即使没有对受害者或其他人进行调查，检察院也会在确认他/她/他们的愿望存在的情况下发出通知。关于未成年人案件，有人指出，受害者甚至不知道他/她的案件的轮廓。1999年，日本国会向国会提交了正在审议的《少年法修正案》，其中规定：“少年及其法定代理人的姓名和地址、决定的内容和理由，除有可能妨碍少年的健全教育和不适当的情况外，可根据受害人或其他人的要求通知。”至于在刑事机构服刑的囚犯的下落和释放情况，没有将这种情况告知受害者的制度或做法。综上所述，我认为刑事司法信息不公开而以附文形式提供是有问题的。我们必须从以刑事司法机关为中心的政策转变为以公众为中心的战略，从被动接受刑事司法机关提供的信息转变为主动获取信息。少

In Japan although there have been cases that an investigator informs a victim about the arrest of suspect and so on, and the Criminal Procedure Act provides that a notice of prosecution/non-prosecution to a complainant and so on and of reason of non-prosecution based on his/her demand, these measures have not been made use of sufficiently. On the police level in 1996 the notification to victim system was established and an investigator in charge offers information about whether a suspect is arrested or not, his/her identity and a situation of disposal to a victim of crime against body (murder, injury, robbery and so on), a hit-and-run case and a traffic accident with death. In addition in 1999 the Criminal Investigation Standard has been amended and new provisions on consideration of victim and notification to him/her have been established.On the public prosecution level, the number of public prosecutors offices which introduce the notification-to-victim and others system has increased … More since 1991. In April 1999 the national standard has been established and begun to be used since then. According to it, when an investigation into victim or his/her relatives and others is made, a result of disposals, a date for public trial, result, settlement, appeal of trial are informed them if they want to know. In case of serious cases such as with death, even when an investigation into victim or others is not made, a public prosecutors office makes a notification under confirmation of existence of his/her/their desire.Concerning the juvenile case it has been indicated that a victim can't know even an outline of his/her case. The Bill of Amendment of Juvenile Law, which was submitted to the Diet in 1999, Japanese national assembly, and under deliberation, has following provisions : names and addressed of jevenile and his/her legal representative and the text and grounds of decision can be notified under a request from a victim or others except for cases which are in danger of preventing a sound nurture of juvenile and not appropriate.As to information on whereabouts and release of a prisoner serving his/her sentence in criminal institution, there is no systems or practices to inform such information to victims.In sum I think it is problematic that criminal justice information is not disclosed but offered based on enclosure. We have to change our mind from a criminal justice agencies centered policy to a general public centered strategy, from a passive receive of information offered by criminal justice agencies to an active activity of recapturing information. Less