Couples lived (in)equalities at work and home

在包括法国和德国在内的大多数工业化国家，双职工夫妇是常态。尽管如此，收入方面的性别差异仍然存在，妇女在无偿家务上的相对时间投入仍然明显较高。经济学和心理学研究经常假设，职业决定以及在工作和非工作领域花费的相对时间是个人的选择。然而，从系统的角度来看，夫妻很可能会影响对方的决定。因此，在家庭或工作中经历的性别规范可能会对伴侣产生交叉影响，并加强性别文化实践。在这个研究项目中，我们借鉴经济学和心理学的理论来研究夫妇的家庭决策和行为，以更好地理解平等是如何以及为什么发生和持续的。一是重点关注职业预期和劳动力市场参与。我们将研究关于另一半的收入机会和风险厌恶的信念在多大程度上是准确的，以及更多的性别信念是否会导致更低的时间分配效率。此外，我们还将研究男性伴侣的职业取向如何影响女性伴侣的职业期望。其次，我们将关注一个合作伙伴潜在的紧张劳动力市场经历如何影响合作伙伴。我们将研究与工作相关的疲惫如何影响到伴侣，并探索相互支持的提供是否受到传统角色态度的影响。我们将进一步研究个体在做出自己的劳动决定时如何考虑伴侣的收入稳定性，以及这些影响对男性和女性是否对称。三是研究工作文化、家庭文化规范及其制定。特别是，我们将关注母亲如何阻止父亲在家中照顾孩子的活动，从而启动脱离家庭的功能失调的循环。最后，我们将研究性别规范的持久性是否取决于他们所指的生活领域(工作、家庭)和夫妇的居住国。在方法上，研究方案结合了实验室实验方法、每日和每周日记调查以及纵向问卷和访谈研究。在这个项目的所有部分，我们通过研究实际同居夫妇的行为和经历，采用了一个真正的二元视角。

In most industrialized countries, including France and Germany, dual-earner couples are the norm. Nevertheless, gender differences in income persist, and women's relative time investment in unpaid household work has remained significantly higher. Economic and psychological research often assumes that career decisions and the relative amount of time spent in the work and non-work spheres are individual choices. From a systemic perspective, however, it is likely that couples influence each other's decisions. Gendered norms experienced at home or work might thus crossover on partners and reinforce gendered cultural practices. In this research program, we draw on theories from economics and psychology to examine household decisions and behaviors by couples to better understand how and why (in)equality occurs and persists. First, we will focus on career expectations and labor market participation. We will examine the extent to which beliefs about the other partner’s income opportunities and risk aversion are accurate, and whether more gendered beliefs lead to less efficient time allocation. In addition, we will examine how in particular male partners' career orientation affects female partners' career expectations. Second, we will focus on how potentially strenuous labor market experiences of one partner affects partners. We will examine how work-related exhaustion crosses over to the partner, and explore if mutual support provision is affected by traditional role attitudes. We will further examine how individuals take into account their partner's income (in)stability when making their own labor decisions and whether these effects are symmetric for men and women. Third, we will study work-related and family-related cultural norms and how these are enacted. In particular, we will focus on how discouragement by mothers of fathers' childcare activities at home can set in motion dysfunctional cycles of disengagement. We will finally study whether the persistence of gender norms depends on the life domain they refer to (work, family) and couples’ country of residence. Methodologically, the research program combines experimental laboratory approaches, daily and weekly diary surveys as well as longitudinal questionnaires and interview studies. In all parts of the project, we adopt a true dyadic perspective by examining the behavior and experiences of actual cohabiting couples.