Bipedal walking: a human adaptability

从两个角度研究人类两足行走：1)从灵长类动物模型看系统发育；2)生长和衰老模型的个体发育。这两种观点阐明了人类历史上首次出现的老年社会中现代人的两足行走。研究的一部分被印在一本小册子里。进行的个人研究项目如下：Tasuku Kimura测量了灵长类动物的肢体骨骼，并将其形态学与运动技能进行了比较，特别是对前肢和后肢的功能区分进行了研究；Adachi记录了老年人在楼梯上行走的运动学，并检查了衰老效应；石田对原始类人猿Nacholapithecus的髌骨进行了三维研究，并讨论了类人猿运动的进化；Okada检查老年人的肌肉，讨论了收缩速度的延迟；木村忠雄观察了肌纤维组成和面积的老化变化，发现白色肌纤维变形和减少；Kumakura分析了窄锁乳突肌在猕猴肌梭计数和人类肌电图研究中的功能；Takahashi通过对119块近期人类骨骼的三维测量分析了髋骨的性别差异；Nishizawa用主成分分析法报道了老年人步行的特征；滨田在野外分析了类人猿的四足运动；Matsumura对人类和黑猩猩股骨的总长度进行了ct扫描，并将其与古人类股骨化石进行了比较；Yamazaki通过三维神经-肌肉-骨骼模型的计算机模拟，展示了脊柱在髋部前屈的意义。

Human bipedal walking was studied from two points of view: 1) Phylogenetic development viewed from the primate model; and 2) Ontogenetic development from the growth and aging model. The two viewpoints light up the bipedalism of the present humans in the elderly societies which appeared first time during the human history. A part of the study was printed in a booklet. Individual research projects performed were as follows: Tasuku Kimura measured primate limb bones and their morphology was compared to the locomotor repertoires, especially on the functional differentiation between fore- and hindlimbs; Adachi recorded kinematics of elderly walking on the staircase and examined the aging effects; Ishida studied three-dimensionally the patella of Nacholapithecus, a Tertially hominoid, and discussed the evolution of hominoid locomotion; Okada examined the muscle of elderly persons and discussed the delay of the contraction speed; Tadanao Kimura observed the aging change in the composition and area of muscle fibers and found the deformation and reduction of the white muscle fibers; Kumakura analyzed the function of the stenocleidomastoid muscle in counting muscle spindles of macaques and studying the EMG of humans; Takahashi analyzed the sexual differences of hip bones from three-dimensional measurements on 119 recent human bones; Nishizawa reported the characteristics of the elderly walking by means of the principal component analysis; Hamada analyzed the quadrupedal locomotion of anthropoids in the field; Matsumura CT-scaned the total length of human and chimpanzee femora and compared them with the fossil hominid femora; and Yamazaki showed the meaning of the spinal forward bending at hip by means of the computer simulation using a three-dimensional neuro-muscular-skeletal model.