Study on cultural adaptation system during transitional period from Pleistocene to Holocene in Eastern Siberia and Far East

1.为了研究，我们收集了一些有关西伯利亚史前史的考古资料，并制作了一份遗址清单，其中包括陶器、渔具、带槽的骨轴和斧头。为了阐明西伯利亚更新世-全新世过渡时期文化适应的某些方面，我们考察了西伯利亚地区从旧石器时代晚期到青铜时代早期的气候、植物群、狩猎动物、石器组合、捕鱼技术和定居模式。总体而言，寒冷干燥的气候是花粉分析的主导因素。当时的景观特点是开放的环境，覆盖着草原或森林草原的植物群。大约在7,000年前的新石器时代早期，发生了一场巨大的石工业变革。中石器时代。在中石器时代早期，狩猎形式从食草动物狩猎转变为浏览器狩猎， ...更多信息 在全新世早期（PB和BO阶段），森林的扩张取决于变暖。然而，在这一时期，不能认为这一地区自旧石器时代晚期以来，由标枪和刀组成的传统狩猎工具的变化。相反，功能专门化的捕鱼工具的出现表明，为了弥补大型狩猎动物的减少，史前人类发展了对鱼类等各种新资源的利用技术，从而为他们提供了稳定的食物供应。弓箭、斧头和匕首代替了标枪。这与大西洋期第二次暖事件（AT-3相）中最暖期阔叶树向西伯利亚南部扩张的时间相吻合。陶器的出现和普及也是在这个时期发生的。似乎它的时刻是利用植物资源，如坚果和根，而不是鱼类和贝类。此外，该地区还可能存在着微型刀片工业和最古老的陶器。就该地区的聚落体系特征而言，其特点是在旧石器时代晚期一直存在着昂贵的迁移。然而，新石器时代后半期，定居程度上升，成为现代生活方式的一部分，西伯利亚亚北极地区从更新世末到全新世早期的适应策略差异，明显受到“森林”和“生物量”相对程度的影响。从这个角度来看，该地区可以分为两个主要地区，即西伯利亚东部和远东地区。这些地区的文化适应程度差异很大，本研究证实日本绳文文化的文化适应模式与后者较为相似.结合阿穆尔盆地和远东地区的考古研究，对石器组合、遗址和原始陶瓷等考古学问题进行了重新思考.在研究报告中，我们对这些问题进行了讨论，并将考古资料的清单和照片记录在光盘上。少

1. For research we gathered some archaeological data concerning to Siberian Prehistory and made the site lists of vurials, fishing implements, grooved bone shafts and axe.2. In order to clarify some aspects of cultural adaptation at the transitional period of the Pleistocene - Holocene epoch in Siberia, we examined climate, flora, game animals, stone assemblages, fishing technique and settlement pattern from the Upper Paleolithic era to the early Bronze Age in Siberia at each area.In Siberia, though the climates were different in each area and period during Post-glacial, Generally cold and dry climate was dominant concerning to the pollen analysis. At this time the landscape was characterized by open environment covered with flora of steppe or forest steppe. A conspisuous change of stone industry occurred at the early Neolithic era, approximately 7,000 Years ago. Then Mesolithic era. In the Early Mesolithic era hunting form shifted from grazer hunting to browser hunting accompanied wit … More h expansion of forest depending on warming at early Holocene (phase PB and BO). In this time, houever, it could not be regarded that the change of hunting equipment consisting of javelin and knife that were traditional tools since the Upper Paleolithic era in this region. In rather, the appearance of functionally specialized fishing implements sugests that in order to make up for decrease of big game animals, the prehistoric humans debeloped the utilizing technique of new various resources like fishes which give them stabilized food supply.It was the Early Neolithic era that the hunting equipment changed newly. Bow and arrow, ax and dagger appeared instead of javelins. It coincides with the time of expansion of broadleaf tree to the southern Siberia suited to the most warmish term in the second warming event of Atlantic term (phase AT-3). Appearance and popularization of earthenware also at this area occured for this time. It seems that its moment was utilization of plant resources, for example nuts and roots, rather than of fishes and shellfishes. Further, there is a possibility that micro-blade industry and the oldest earthenware accopanied in this area.Concerning to the character of settlement system in this region, it is characterized by expensive migratory all through the Upper Paleolithic era. However, newly in the second half of the Neolithic era, the degree of settling rose and became near way of life at present.As a result, as for the difference of adaptation strategies in Siberian sub-arctic zone from the end of the Pleistocene epoch to the early Holocene epoch, it have became clear that it was influenced seriously by relative degree of "forest" and "biomass". On this point of view, the area could be diveded into two major areas, the Earstern Siberia and Far East district. The degree of biohm what they have is diffent extremely between these areas and in this study it have been ratified that the pattern of cultural adaptation of the Jomon culture in Japan is relatively resemble to the latter.3. According to the recent archaeological researches in Amur basin and Far East, we reconsidered some problems on stone assemblages, sites and initial ceramics in the archaeological context.4. In the research report, we argued these problems and recorded the lists and photograph of archaeological materials on CD. Less