Research into Reforms of Grants -in aid System in Nixon, Reagan and Clinton Administrations

从20世纪70年代到今天，我们目睹了州和地方政府联邦拨款制度的重大改革和重组。第一项重要的改革是尼克松政府时期建立的一般收入分享制度。第二个重要的重组是大幅削减联邦拨款，并整合里根政府的绝对拨款。第三项重要的改革是1996年克林顿政府的福利改革。三次改革和重组是美国联邦拨款制度发展过程中的划时代事件。这些事件的发生都与美国战后政治经济的转型有关。从这个角度来看，我们可以把1960年的大社会理解为美国福利国家制度的发展，将尼克松的新联邦主义理解为对1960年代福利国家制度的重新审视。不过，我们应将一九七二年的政府一般收入分摊理解为福利制度的进步，而不是退步。相比之下，里根的政策拖累了…更多的联邦助学金制度意味着对福利国家制度的正面攻击。事实上，里根成功地通过1981年的综合预算协调法案大幅削减了联邦拨款，并将许多绝对拨款合并为整体拨款。但是，他大胆削减福利计划和联邦拨款的长期梦想在那之后并没有实现。1996年的个人责任和工作机会协调法案(PRWORA)是对福利计划的大刀阔斧的改革。它废除了AFDC计划，取而代之的是向各州提供一项名为向贫困家庭提供临时援助(Tane)的整笔拨款。个人享受家庭援助福利的权利已经终止。该法案规定，成年人使用Tane基金接受现金援助的期限为5年，并对单亲母亲家庭的待遇普遍严格。由于这些赠款制度改革，市中心地区和大城市贫困人口的问题更加严重，这可能是美国社会未来面临的更大问题。较少

We witnessed drastic reforms and restructurings of federal grants systems to state and local governments from 1970' to today. First important reform was creation of General Revenue Sharing system in Nixon administration. Second important restructuring was drastic cuts of federal grants and consolidation of categorical grants in Reagan administration. Third important reform was welfare reform of 1996 in Clinton Administration. Three reforms and restructurings were epoch-making events in the developments of federal grants system in the United States. These events have occurred in relation to the transformation of American post-war political economy.From the point of view, we can grasp the Great Society of 1960' as development of American welfare state system and Nixon's New Federalism as reconsideration of welfare sate system of 1960'. However, we should grasp 1972 General Revenue Sharing as a progress of welfare sate system rather than a retreat. In contrast to that, Reagan's policy tow … More ard federal grants-in aid system means a frontal attack to the welfare state system. In fact, Reagan succeeded in cutting federal grants drastically and consolidating many categorical grants into block grants by Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981. But, his long-cherished dream of bold cutting of welfare programs and federal grants has not come true after that.The personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 was drastic reform of welfare program. It abolished the AFDC program and replaced by a block grant to the states called temporary assistance to needy families (TANE). Individual entitlement to family assistance benefits was ended. The statute puts a five-year limit on adults' receipt of cash assistance using TANE funds and is generally severe in treatment of single mother families.As a result of these grants system reforms, problems of inner city districts and poor people in large cities have been more serious and it may be bigger problems to American society in the future. Less