The Transformation of Nation-Sate System in South Asia

三年项目取得的成果如下：1。南亚“民族国家”的建立受到英属印度分治的阻碍。尤其不利的是巴基斯坦。印度的目标是建立强大的中央集权的国家机构，这在很大程度上归功于英国的遗产，但面对来自全国各地的强烈抗议运动，印度被迫给予各州和地方机构更多的自主权。尼赫鲁试图建立一个现代公民国家，这疏远了广大群众。20世纪80年代印度民族主义的兴起是对尼赫鲁民族主义的一种反应。然而，即使是印度教民族主义也逐渐被泛印度民族主义所取代。人民党政府为此目的充分利用了核试验和卡吉尔危机。因此，在印度，国家建设和民族建设方向之间的差距正在扩大。巴基斯坦的伊斯兰化和历届政府的糟糕表现。在外部力量特别是美国的帮助下，“9.11”事件扭转了“塔利班化”的进程，但在巴基斯坦成为穆沙拉夫总统所描述的“现代、温和的国家”之前，社会经济发展和民主化的根本问题还没有解决。印度的经济自由化政策以及媒体和信息技术产业的发展加速了商品、信息和人员的流动，这对“民族国家”产生了相当大的影响。然而，这些力量并不一定导致全球化，但这种阻力表现为强烈的民族主义。印度和巴基斯坦之间的冲突主要源于各自“民族国家”的矛盾。核试验和克什米尔冲突在很大程度上就是由这种矛盾造成的。20世纪90年代末，这两个兄弟国家出现了对抗的一面，这也影响了我们的研究。区域合作、主权共享、国与国之间的关系差异，未来还有待充分讨论。少

The achievements of the three-year project are as follows :1. The building of the "nation-states" in South Asia was handicapped by the partition of the BritishIndia. Especially disadvantageous was Pakistan.2. India aimed at building strong centralized state institutions owing in large part of the British heritage, but has been forced to give more autonomy to the states and local bodies, faced with strong protest movements from various parts of the country.3.Nehru tried to build a modern civic nation, which alienated large masses. The emergence of Hindu nationalism in the 1980s was a reaction to the Nehruvian nationalism. However, even Hindu nationalism has been gradually being replaced by pan-India nationalism. The BJP government has fully utilized the nuclear tests and the Kargil crisis for that purpose. Thus, the gap between the directions of state-building and nation-building is widening in India.4.The Islamization of Pakistan and the poor performance of the successive governments. … More The 9.11 has reversed the course of the "Talibanization" with the help of external powers, especially of U.S., but the fundamental problems of socio-economic development and democratization has yet to be achieved before Pakistan becomes a "modern, moderate state" as described by President Musharraf.5.The economic liberalization policy and the development of media and IT industries in India have accelerated flows of goods, information and people, which have had a considerable impact on the "nation-state". However, these forces do not necessarily lead to globalization, but the resistance manifests itself as strong nationalism.6.The conflict between India and Pakistan stems mainly from contradictions of respective "nation-states." Nuclear tests and the Kashmir conflict have largely been caused by such contradictions. The late 1990s witnessed confrontationist aspects of the two brother countries, which also affected our research. Regional cooperation, shared sovereignty and the difference between the relations of states and nations are yet to be fully discussed in the future. Less