The study on observation technique of orbital orderingby synchrotron radiation, neutron, and electron beams.

在强关联电子系统中，三个自由度（电荷、自旋和轨道）对系统的电磁性质起着非常重要的作用。因此，有必要观察自由度的有序状态。然而，与电荷和自旋有序相比，观察轨道有序的实验技术非常有限。本研究的目的是发展同步辐射X射线、中子和电子束的技术，我们分成五组来实现这一目标。以下是各组的主要结果.样品及评价组：我们制作了过渡金属氧化物和f电子体系的高质量样品.同步加速器X射线组：我们开发了一种新的技术来观察铁轨道有序-使用共振X射线散射的干涉。磁康普顿剖面揭示了层状锰氧化物的轨道状态.中子群：极化中子衍射与粉末中子衍射耦合，阐明了层状锰氧化物的轨道状态.电子束组：开发了会聚电子衍射软件，明确了锰氧化物的轨道状态.理论组：我们建立了共振X射线散射的一般理论，用来观察轨道有序及其涨落

Three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, and orbital) play very important roles in the electronic and magnetic properties in strongly correlated electron systems. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the ordering states of the degrees of freedom. However, the experimental technique to observe the orbital ordering has been very limited compared with the charge and spin ordering. The aim of this study is to develop thetechnique using synchrotron X rays, neutrons, and electron beams.We make five groups to achieve the aim. The followings are the main results for the groups.1. Samples and the evaluations group: We have made good quality samples of transition metal oxides and f-electron systems.2. Synchrotron X rays group: We have developed a new technique to observe ferro-orbital ordering -using the interference of resonant X-ray scattering. Magnetic Compton profile has revealed the orbital state of layered manganites.3. Neutrons group: The polarized neutron diffraction has elucidated the orbital state of layered manganites coupled with the powder neutron iffraction.4. Electron beams group: We have developed the software-of the convergent electron diffraction and made clear the orbital state of the manganite.5. Theory group: We have constructed the general theory of resonant X-ray scattering to observe the orbital ordering and its fluctuation