Study on Origin and Development of Water-Clock Time system in Ancient Japan

本文收集和分析了日本古代宫殿遗址中有关水钟时间系统和都城系统的大量考古资料和历史记载。明确了漏壶的起源和漏壶时间系统的形成与律令制度和古代都城制度有着深刻的联系，特别是明确了古代都城的定时系统和古代宫殿的开门、关门时间系统。我们清楚地认识到，公元660年漏壶的首次生产，是古代宫殿定时系统和大门开关时间系统形成的大纪元。日本古代国家中央集权制度是在世纪后期大规模发展起来的。我们了解到漏壶的首次产生和时间系统的纪元与当时的政治形势和改革以及古代都城制度的形成有着密切的关系，我们收集和分析了大量的考古资料和历史记载，在古代地方公共办公场所，如太宰府遗址和多城遗址中，我们发现了大量的水钟时间系统和城市系统。在大泽府和田条的公共办公室，漏壶和那些时间系统。在大泽府和世纪的公共办公室。但经常使用漏壶在国贺，也就是说，省级办事处的德瓦，宫坂，加贺等，开始更慢。对中国古代和朝鲜古代的水钟时间系统和城市系统进行了大量的考古资料和历史记载的收集和分析。我们证明漏壶的技术和系统，以及时间系统，是从这些系统的唐。但在都城十字路口设置的钟鼓报时系统并没有被古代日本所采用。

We collected and analyzed many archaeological datas and historical records on water-clock time systems and capital city systems in ancient palace-sites of Japan. As a result, We made clear that the origin of clepsydra and the tormation of that time systems related deeply with Ritsuriyo-systems and ancient capital city systems.Particularly, we made definitely clear the regular time system in ancient capital city and the gates's opening and shuting time system of ancient palaces. We understood clearly that the first production of clepsydra in +660 was the big epoch of the formation of the regular time system and the gates's opening and shuting time system in ancient palaces. The centralization system of ancient nation in Japan developed on a large scale in the late of the 7th century. We understood that the first production of clepsydra and the epoch of time system was closely related with these political situation and reformation, and also the formation nf ancient capital city systems.In ancient local public office sites, for example, Dazaifu-site and Tagajyo-site, we hare collected and analyzed many archaeological datas and historical records on water-clock time systems and city systems. In public offices of Dazaifu and Tagajyo, clepsydrans and those time systems. In public offices of Dazaifu and of 8th century. But the regular use of clepsydra in Kokuga, that is to say, provincial offices of Dewa, Mimasaka, Kaga, etc., began more slowly. We made ancient nations, and the formation of public officies and ancient cities.About the ancient China and Korea, we collected and analyzed many archaelogical datas and historical records on water-clock time systems and city systems. We proved that techniques and systems of clepsydra, and that time systems, were adopted from those systems of Tang. But bell-and-drum time-information systems in cross roads of capital cities were not adopted to ancient Japan.