Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Emotion Control and its Social Norm

笔者将本研究的成果概括为三点：一是“情绪社会学”框架的理论探索。我比较了诺伯特·埃利亚斯和米歇尔·福柯的研究框架，前者把人与人之间的关系中出现的情绪控制称为“文明过程”，后者强调用微小的权力工具来约束，可以称之为“文明攻势”。此外，笔者还对托德关于欧洲社会对“差异”的情感多样性的理论进行了评论，该理论将家庭类型作为其“人类学基础”。第二，“现代性”转型中情绪控制转型的理论分析。我指出现代自我的“超脱”(伊莱亚斯)或“反身性”(安东尼·吉登斯)，及其后果是“全神贯注的堕落”或“存在主义焦虑”。此外，我还建议出现一种以“同情”为纽带的人与人之间的联系模式，这就产生了一种“无中介”的沟通方式，以及由此产生的问题。在这一点上，进行“中介沟通”的方式被认为是至关重要的。第三，情绪控制的实证研究，在某种程度上覆盖了上面这一点。这些研究在一个研究小组中进行讨论，研究小组的成员是小仓敏彦、樱西达彦和大村裕香。Ogura的研究探讨了大正时代青年的“理想主义”和“痛苦”，Skurai的研究则探讨了日本现代化进程中人际敏感的转变。在试图分析这一时期的一种恐惧症时，他们都提出了“风格”在沟通中的重要性。大村通过采访当代日本的案件工作者进行的调查显示，同情和超然的规范之间存在矛盾，他们在工作中被迫遵循这些规范。这些结果给我们提供了中介沟通中情绪控制模式的线索，这是我下一步研究应该探索的。

I summarize the results of this research by three points below.First, theoretical explorations of frameworks concerning "sociology of emotion". I compare the research framework of Norbert Elias, who referred to the emotion control emerged in relations of people as "civilizing process", and that of Michel Foucault, who emphasized discipline by minute power apparatus that can be called "civilizing offensive". I also comment on Emmanuel Todd's theory dealing with the diversity of emotions towards "difference" in European societies, which mentioned the types of families as its "anthropological bases".Second, theoretical analyses of the transformation of emotion control in the transition of "modernity". I point out the "detachment" (Elias) or "reflexivity" (Anthony Giddens) of modern self, and its consequences as "the fall of absorption" or "existential anxiety". In addition, I suggest the emergence of a mode of people's connection by "compassion", which gives birth to an "unmediated" communication, and its problems. At this point, the way of conducting a "mediated communication" is considered to be crucial.Third, empirical researches of emotion control, which somehow cover the point just above. These researches are discussed in a research group, whose members are Toshihiko Ogura, Tatsuhiko Sakursi and Yuka Omura. Ogura's research explores the "idealism" and "agony" of youth in Taisho era, and Skurai's picks up the transformation of interpersonal sensitivity in the modernizing process of Japan. Trying to analyze a kind of phobia in this period, they both suggest the importance of "style" in communication. Omura's investigation by interviews to case workers in contemporary Japan shows a contradiction between the norms of compassion and detachment, which they are forced to follow in their work. These results give us a clue to the modes of emotion control in "mediated communication", which should be explored in the next step of my research.