The discourse on education and upbringing in early modern Japan

1.在明治时代之前，没有家庭的法律概念。1871年的《户籍法》和1898年的《明治民法典》规定了户主、妻子、子女和亲属的家庭范围。在明治初年的道德教科书中，有很多关于孩子们为了父母而牺牲幸福的故事。但这些故事在19世纪90年代被改写成以父母和孩子之间的自然之爱为基础的家庭故事。儿童利益的概念在十九世纪九十年代被认为是很重要的。因此，明治民法典规定，如果丈夫同意她的提议，母亲有权在离婚后照顾她的孩子。在第二次世界大战之前，出生率下降的原因并不是女性，而是资本主义、现代化或西方化。随着性别角色的普遍化和普及，1970年代出生率下降的原因被认为是女性造成的。

1.Before the Meiji era there was no legal concept of family. The Family Register Law of 1871 and the Meiji Civil Code of 1898 provided the range of family within the head of the household, his wife, children and relatives.2.In the textbooks of morals in the early years of Meiji era, there were a lot of stories about children who quite devoted themselves to their parents sacrificing their happiness. But these stories were rewrote to be the family stories based on natural love between parents and children in 1890's.3.The concept of children's interests was regarded as important in 1890's. Therefore, the Meiji Civil Code provided the mother's right to take care of her children after divorce if her husband agreed to her proposal.4.The cause of declining birthrate was not considered as due to women, but to capitalism or modernization or westernization, before the Second World War. As gender role was generalizing and becoming popular, the cause of declining birthrate was considered as due to women in 1970's.