Conceptualization of temporal and spatial meaning in Japanese and Chinese

本研究报告共分四个部分：1.关于对比语言学，2。关于日语过去式标记ta，3。时态及相关现象的存在与缺失; 4.第一部分，井上讨论了对比研究在语言学中的作用。第二部分讨论了日语过去时态标记ta的所谓“完成”和“情态”意义。在这一部分中，井上和贞信认为ta的功能是非常有限的，即，它的完成意义和情态意义都是语用意义。第三部分是井上贞信关于时态语法范畴存在与缺失的理论研究。日语有时态的语法范畴，而汉语没有。Inoue断言，两种语言之间的以下差异源于这种类型学差异： ...更多信息 （1）时体标记在日汉语言中的功能;（2）日汉语言中野田结构使用的语义制约;（3）条件连词使用的语义理据。第四章收集了Sadanobu关于人与环境的相互作用对语法系统的影响的文章，Sadanobu指出，有几种语法形式是用来描述说话人的经验而不是说话人的知识。他分析的现象是：（1）日、汉频率状语似表示空间分布，（2）日语存现句中的方位标记by -de，（3）日语过去时标记ta似表示发现的情态意义，（4）日语聚合聚焦助词bakari的语义特征，（5）连接助词塔拉后主句的语义制约;（6）日语情感表达的语义特征。少

This research report consists of four parts : 1. On contrastive linguistics, 2. On the Japanese past tense marker ta, 3. The existence and lack of tense and related phenomena, and 4. The grammar of interaction.In part 1 , Inoue discusses the role of contrastive studies in linguistics.Part 2 deals with so-called 'perfect' and 'modal' meanings of the Japanese past tense marker ta. in this part, Inoue and Sadanobu assert that the function of ta is very limited, i.e., to mark past tense, and both so-called 'perfect' and 'modal' meanings of ta are pragmatic implications. In his argument, Sadanobu proposes a new theory based on the concept of 'access point for information'.Part 3 collects Inoue's articles that discuss theoretical implications of the existence and lack of the grammatical category of tense. Japanese has the grammatical category of tense, while Chinese has not. Inoue asserts that the following differences between the two languages are derived from this typological difference : … More (1)the function of aspect markers in Japanese and Chinese,(2)semantic constraints concerning the use of noda construction in Japanese and shi... de construction in Chinese, (3) semantic motivations of the use of conditional conjunctives.Chapter 4 collects Sadanobu's articles that shed light on the influences of the interaction between a human and his/her environment on grammatical system, hi his articles, Sadanobu points out that several grammatical forms are used to describe the speaker's experience rather than the speaker's knowledge. The phenomena he analyzes are : (1) adverbials of frequency in Japanese and Chinese that seemingly express spatial distribution, (2) locative marking by -de in existential sentences in Japanese,(3) Japanese past tense marker ta that seemingly expresses a modal meaning of finding, (4) semantic characteristics of bakari, one of the paradigmatic focusing particles in Japanese, (5) semantic constraints observed in main clauses following the conjunctive particle tara, (6) semantic characteristics of emotional expressions in Japanese. Less