A Study of the thoughts of poor relief in mid eighteenth-century Scotland.

到18世纪中期，苏格兰的烟草贸易和亚麻制造业已经发展起来。这背后隐藏着一股始于18世纪晚期的真正工业化和城市化的潮流。这一历史事实反映在。帕特里克·林赛（Patrick Lindsay）的扶贫思想，他认为只有将亚麻制造业作为出口产业，苏格兰的经济发展才有可能实现，并因此指出，即使是乞丐和强盗，由于缺乏就业而增加的人数，如果他们被雇用为亚麻工人，他们也能够为苏格兰的经济繁荣做出贡献。他还建议，不仅要对他们进行惩罚，而且要强制他们在济贫院里掌握生产线生产技术，改变他们的习惯，使他们适应市场经济。因此，他认为他们应该转变为苏格兰经济发展的适当代理人。那些年出现了在格拉斯哥和爱丁堡建立济贫院的建议。这两份提案都认同林赛对苏格兰贫困代理人转型的看法，尽管它们不像林赛那样将贫困救济与经济发展联系起来。济贫院建立后，爱丁堡发生了贫困率争议。贫困率的支持者和反对者似乎在19世纪早期就预见到了救济穷人的问题，当时一些人对自愿捐助的性质和济贫院的影响深感担忧。

The tobacco trade and the linen manufacture had grown by the mid eighteenth century in Scotland. Behind this there was a hidden stream towards genuine industrialization and urbanization that started in the late eighteenth century. This historical fact was reflected on the. idea on poor relief of Patrick Lindsay, who argued that the Scottish economic development would be made possible only by establishing the linen manufacture as an industry for export and therefore pointed out that even beggars and robbers, the number of whom had increased due to lack of employment, would be able to contribute to the Scottish economic prosperity if they were employed as linen workers. He went on to propose that they should be not only punished but enforced to master line production techniques and change their habits to suitable ones for market economy in a workhouse. Thus, he argued that they should be transformed into adequate agents for the Scottish economic progress. Proposals for establishing a workhouse in Glasgow and Edinburgh appeared in those years. Both proposals shared Lindsay's view of the transformation of the Scottish poor agents, although they didn't connect the poor relief to the economic development so much as Lindsay. After the establishment of a workhouse poor rate controversy happened in Edinburgh. The supporter for and the opponent of the poor rate seem to have anticipated the issues of poor relief in the early nineteenth century when some people were deeply concerned with the nature of voluntary contribution and the effects of a workhouse.