Measuring the Degree of Market Distortion through Price Discrimination for Hidden Export Subsidies Generated by State Trading Enterprises

目前世界上存在着几家国营贸易企业，它们起到了出口垄断的作用。例如加拿大乳制品委员会（CDC）、加拿大小麦委员会（CWB）、澳大利亚乳制品公司（ADC）、澳大利亚小麦委员会（AWB）和新西兰乳制品委员会（NZDB）。这些企业最重要的作用之一是在国内和出口市场之间实行价格歧视，和/或在出口市场之间实行价格歧视，以最大限度地提高销售总值。当某些市场的价格较高，其他市场的价格较低，并将收入集中分配给农民时，这一制度相当于“消费者资助”的出口补贴。事实上，CDC的“特殊”牛奶分类系统，为用于出口产品的牛奶创造了大幅降低的价格，已经被WTO法院判定为出口补贴。关于其他出口型国有企业，如CWB、ADC、AWB和NZDB，是否可免于遵守世贸组织协定规定的取消出口补贴计划的规则，仍然存在法律的问题。在审查现有的国有企业是否违反WTO协定的问题时，对国有企业的价格歧视做法造成的市场扭曲程度进行理论和实证的衡量是有益的。有几项研究分析了国有企业的价格歧视，但尚未制定出衡量这些企业造成的市场扭曲的实际措施。在本研究项目中，我们开发了一个理论和实践的测量，由于价格歧视的隐性出口补贴的STE的市场扭曲程度，我们还开发了一个实用的广义定义的出口补贴当量（SES）适用于“消费者资助”的隐性出口补贴，以及顺序“纳税人资助”的出口补贴。

Several state trading enterprises (STEs) currently exist in the world, which act as export monopolies. Examples include the Canadian Dairy Commission (CDC), Canadian Wheat Board (CWB), Australian Dairy Corporation (ADC), Australian Wheat Board (AWB), and the New Zealand Dairy Board (NZDB). One of the most important roles of these enterprises is the implementation of price discrimination between domestic and export markets, and/or price discrimination among export markets, to maximize the total sales values. When there are higher prices for some markets, lower prices for other markets, and pooled revenues distributed to farmers, the system is equivalent to a "consumer financed" export subsidy. Indeed, the CDC's "special" milk class system, which creates substantially lower prices for milk used for exporting products, was already judged to be an export subsidy by the WTO court. Legal questions still remain as to whether other exporting STEs such as the CWB, ADC, AWB, and NZDB are exempted from rules for eliminating export subsidy schemes under the WTO agreements. In examining the issue of whether existing STEs violate the WTO agreement, it is useful to have a theoretical and empirical measurement of the degree of market distortion caused by price discrimination practices of the STEs. Several studies have analyzed price discrimination by STEs, but a practical measure of market distortion caused by these enterprises has not yet been developed. In this research project, we developed a theoretical and practical measurement of the degree of market distortion due to price discrimination for hidden export subsidies by STE, and we also developed a practical generalized definition of Export Subsidy Equivalents (ESEs) applicable to "consumer financed" hidden export subsidies as well as ordinal "taxpayer financed" export subsidies.