A Sociological Study on Restructuring the Self-governmental System of Local Communities under Decentralization

本研究探讨了在权力下放的情况下如何重构地方社区自治制度。本研究以全国11个地方政府的11，439名社区领袖、全国37个地方政府的5，104名政府职员和大坂市T市的4名市理事会成员为对象，通过发放问卷和访谈，对这一问题进行了调查（2004年2月至2005年5月）。在这里，我们强调了一些主要的发现。1.社区领导人从事相当多的自给自足的活动，但网络的领导人塑造自我认同的社区是相当丰富的。这有助于加强邻里之间的相互支持，是建立社区情感和参与社群活动的关键因素，并加强社区功能网络。2.积极推动自力更生防灾的社区领导人具有强烈的互助倾向，并致力于 ...更多信息 对备灾活动采取自主办法。在对地方防灾问题的认识上，他们也倾向于通过参与互助来支持互助问题，这表明他们作为社区领导者的认识是牢固的。3.推动家庭、学校、社区和政府全面融合的地方教育活动需要人力资源（具有领导和协调能力的优秀领导人）、公关活动和政府合作。4.审查地方政府向低级职位的晋升政策，我们观察到，通过缩小晋升的分布，向统一的资历模型转变，通过减少晋升的可能性，向更高级别的职位向锦标赛模型转变。这两种趋势都有增加雇员对组织的依恋感的效果，并且是合理的。5.地方政府雇员随着他们的晋升（“行政人”）而变得越来越忠诚于他们的部门，然后随着他们进入上层，他们开始更加努力地为公共利益服务，并发展出更多的自律和更强的责任感（“公共人”）。

This study explores ways to restructure the self-governmental system of local communities under decentralization. We investigated this issue by distributing questionnaires and interviewing three groups of subjects : 11,439 community leaders from 11 local governments spread across the country, 5,104 government employees from 37 local governments nationwide, and four city council members from T city in Osaka (between Feb.2004 and May 2005). Here we highlight some of the main findings.1.Community leaders engage in considerable self-sufficient activities, but the network of leaders shaping the self-identity in communities is quite abundant. This serves to strengthen neighborhood mutual support, is a key factor in building community sentiment and participation in community activities, and strengthens community functional networks.2.Community leaders who take an active role in promoting self-reliant disaster preparedness have a strong orientation toward mutual assistance and are committed to … More an autonomous approach to disaster preparedness activities. And in the way they perceive local town disaster prevention issues, they also tend to support mutual-help issues through mutual-help participation, which suggests solidly-grounded perception as community leaders.3.Promotion of local educational activities that fully integrate home, school, the community, and government demands human resources (good leaders who are capable of leading and coordinating), public relations activities, and government cooperation.4.Examining local government promotion polices toward lower-ranking positions, we observed a shift toward a uniform seniority model by shrinking the distribution of promotions, and toward higher-ranking positions a transition toward a tournament model by reducing the probability of advancement. Both of these trends have the effect of increasing the attachment of employees to organizations, and are rational.5.Local government employees become increasingly loyal to their departments as they are promoted ("Administrative Man"),then as they move into the upper echelons, they begin to strive more to serve the public interest and develop more self-discipline and a greater sense of duty ("Public Man") Less