Why is Japanese children's development on the guessing-mind task one year slow? : Model based on the information processing theory.

研究一对心理理论的研究进行了回顾，并对心理理论的相关理论进行了讨论。有理论理论和偏见理论。理论上认为儿童在4岁时习得“心理理论”。另一方面，偏见理论认为，即使是4岁以下的孩子也会具有识别他人思想的基本能力。特别是在偏倚理论中，心智认知发展的差异可以用包括工作记忆在内的信息加工的差异来解释。研究2检验了心理推理任务是否存在性别差异。结果表明，女生在错误信念任务上的正确判断数多于男生。然而，反应时间的结果显示没有性别差异。正确判断和反应时间的结果表明，男孩和女孩一样具有识别对方思想的能力，尽管女孩比男孩更容易使用它。在研究3中，我们考察了日本和英国儿童的心理认知是否存在差异。结果表明，英国儿童的正确判断次数比日本儿童多1次。在研究4中，研究了日本人和英国人的心智认知是否存在差异。该研究考察了日本人和英国人在理解他人心灵的信息上是否存在差异：他们自己的知识和来自他人的知识。结果表明，英国人的判断是基于他人的知识，而日本人的判断是基于自己的知识。

In Study 1, studies on the theory of mind were reviewed and discussed theories about the theory of mind. There are theory theory and bias theory. It is assumed in theory theory that children would acquire "Theory of mind" on 4 year-old. On the other hand, it is assumed in bias theory that even children younger than 4 year old would have a basic ability to acknowledge other's mind. Especially, it is possible in bias theory that the difference of development of acknowledge of the mind would be explained by the difference of information processing including working memory. In Study 2, it was examined whether there is the difference of gender on the mind inference task. The results indicated that girl's number of correct judgments on the false belief task was more than boy's. However, the results of response time indicated that there was no difference of gender. The result of correct judgment and response time suggested that boys would have ability of acknowledgement of the other's mind as well as girls although girls would use it more easily than boys. In Study 3, it was examined whether there is the difference of acknowledgement of mind between Japanese and British children. The results showed that the number of correct judgment of British children was more than one of Japanese children. In Study 4, it was examined whether there is the difference of adult' acknowledgement of mind between Japanese and British. It was examined whether there is the difference of information by which people understand the other mind between Japanese and British : their own knowledge and knowledge from other. The results showed that British judged based on the knowledge from other but Japanese judge based on their own knowledge.