"Official Multiculturalism" and transformations of Historical Consciousness in Brazil

在这个项目中，我们打算了解非洲裔巴西人（在巴西的非洲人后裔）反对种族歧视的社会运动的最新情况，以及官方政策转向促进种族和民族平等的情况。从20世纪80年代开始，拉丁美洲的一些政府开始将“多元文化主义”作为官方政策，因此被称为“官方多元文化主义”。主要问题如下：(1)1988年《宪法》和关于少数民族和促进其权利的辩论；(2)文化部棕榈文化基金会的结构与活动；(3)“官方多元文化主义”的社会背景，特别是黑人中产阶级的出现与非洲裔运动的关系；(4)多元文化对中小学教育的影响。关于问题(1)和(3)，显然促进种族和民族平等的官方政策已经发展，我在巴西新社会运动的更广泛背景下讨论了这一发展。关于这个问题(4)，我在一篇分析巴西学校历史教科书的文章中提出了学校历史教育的思路和实际情况。我每年都去巴西进行实地考察。我采访了很多人，包括联邦、州和市政府的决策者，以及黑人运动的积极分子。我在这个项目的最终报告中附上了一个DVD，其中记录了对abdias do Nascimento先生的采访，他是20世纪40年代至60年代黑人实验剧院（TEN）的创始人，前国会议员和参议员。

In this project, we intended to know recent situation relating to the social movements of African-Brazilians (African Descendents in Brazil) against racial discrim in ations and the turn of the official policies to promote racial and ethnic equality. From 1980s on, several governments in Latin America began to adopt "multiculturalism" as an official policy, so it has been called "Official Multiculturalism." The main issues are as following : (1)The 1988 Constitution and debates on racial and ethnic minorities and promotion of their rights ; (2)Structure and activities of Palmares Cultural Foundation of Ministry of Culture ; (3)Social background of "official multiculturalism," especially relation between advent of black middle class and movements of African descendents ; (4)Influence of multiculturalism on education at the primary and secondary schools.Regarding to the issues (1)and (3), apparently the official policy of promoting racial and ethnic equality has developed, and I discussed that development in a wider context of new social movement in Brazil. On the issue (4), I presented ideas and actual situation of education on history in the schools in an article analyzing school textbook on History in Brazil.I visited Brazil each year to make fieldwork. I interviewed various persons, including policymakers of the Federal, State, and Municipal Governments, and activists of Black Movement. I attached to the final report of this project a DVD in which is recorded an interview with Mr.Abdias do Nascimento, founder of Black Experiment Theater (TEN) from 1940s to 1960s and former deputy and senator of national Congress.