Study on the Contradiction and Adjustment between Modern Rationalism and Traditional Organism from the viewpoint of Spatial System.-the Activity of German Modern Architect in 1930s in Foreign Countries as a Case Study

本研究以德国、土耳其、俄罗斯、日本等国的历史资料为基础，对20世纪30年代德国建筑师在国外的活动进行了研究，并对其建筑思想的理想进行了详细的分析。重点介绍了布鲁诺·陶特在俄罗斯、日本和土耳其的活动，并对其建筑作品、项目和著作进行了研究和分析。这表明了他对包括多元主义在内的全球建筑理论的研究和实践，以及其具体的建筑设计方法，而其他现代主义建筑师则走向了国际风格。从德国表现主义的复杂倾向，到俄国的实验与失望，再到日本吸收非西方文明的建筑理论的发展，再到土耳其各种传统的混合设计实践，他的立场转变过程被评价为对一元论国际风格的批判和对建筑有机主义的积极探索。对于密斯·凡·德罗来说，移民美国期间从开放的构成空间系统到封闭的构成空间系统的转变被评价为现代建筑的古典主义形式化的途径。总的来说，20世纪30年代德国现代建筑师的各种活动被重新评价为在国际风格成功后克服问题的努力。20世纪30年代的普遍性和有机主义倾向的二元性是当代全球化的二元性与多元主义和有机生态设计的二元性的相似现象，并应被视为其主导现象。它体现了20世纪现代建筑固有的基本思维结构。

In this study the historical materials in Germany, Turkey, Russia and Japan were researched concerning the activities of German architects in 1930s in foreign countries, and the ideal of architectural thought was analyzed in detail.Especially the weight was given on the activity of Bruno Taut in Russia, Japan and Turkey, and the architectural works, projects and the writings were researched and analyzed. As the result the fact that he investigated and practiced the global architectural theory including pluralism, and also its concrete methods of architectural design were made clear, while other modernist architects set forth to International Style. And the process of his changing standpoint, beginning from the complexity inclination of expressionism in the days of Germany, through the experiments and disappointment in Russia, the development of the architectural theory absorbing the non-western civilization in Japan, and to the practice of the hybrid design mixing various traditions in Turkey was evaluated as the critics against the monistic International Style and the active inquiry of organicism of architecture.Concerning Mies van der Rohe the shift from the open compositional space system to the closed system during the immigration to USA was evaluated as the way to the classicism formalization of modern architecture.In general the diverse activities of German modern architects in 1930s were to be re-evaluated as the effort to conquer the problems after the success of International Style. The duality of the tendency to the universality and the organicism in 1930s is the similar phenomenon of the contemporary duality of the globalization on the one hand and the tendency of pluralism and the organic ecological design on the other hand, and is to be regarded as its leading phenomenon. Its shows the basic structure of thinking inherent in the modern architecture of twentieth century.