Digitalization of earth-based construction processes

土基结构对环境的影响非常小，并为居民提供健康的室内气候，因此代表了传统结构的可持续替代品。然而，劳动密集，耗时的过程和手工建筑技能的要求限制了土方施工过程的生产力，这是基于几个世纪的实践状态。为了克服目前的困难，可以将增材制造（AM）原理和智能传感技术与土方施工工艺相结合，实现所谓的“基于地面的AM”，从而提高质量并提高生产率。通过数字化土方施工过程，基于土方的AM有可能将目前的玉米棒、土坯和夯土实践转变为智能制造过程。显然，为了有效地进行地基AM，一个正式的描述是必要的，它允许充分收集、存储、分析和描述地基AM所需的信息。此外，为建筑机器人“打印”地面结构而不丢失信息提供基础的数字数据模型必须得到扩展或重新开发。拟议的研究项目旨在通过为基于地球的AM数据建模的新方法提供正式的概念基础，推进基于地球的AM的数字化，或“地球打印”。该方法将通用地定义地基结构和地基AM的整体过程。虽然该方法一般适用于增材制造，但预计将在不丢失信息的情况下弥合地球打印数字工作流程中的信息差距，实现(i)地面AM（过程参数）中的参数建模和语义关系，包括支持过程规划、过程监控和过程控制的传感技术；（ii）将地基材料集成到地基AM的数字工作流程中（“数字材料”），包括材料成分、材料特性和与可挤压性和可建造性相关的材料行为（材料参数），以及（iii）用于设计、模拟和打印地基结构的数字模型实例化（基于几何参数）。将使用基于形式逻辑的地基AM模型检查和推理的验证概念来验证该方法，以提高地基AM的质量和生产力。为了验证，将定义用例，并使用机器人打印系统进行实验测试。因此，该项目的成果预计将提供一个正式的基础，从语义上描述与地基增材制造相关的所有信息，包括结构和过程，以进一步推动地基增材制造向智能制造发展。

Earth-based structures have a very low environmental impact and provide a healthy indoor climate to inhabitants, thus representing sustainable alternatives to conventional structures. However, labor-intensive, time-consuming processes and the requirement of manual building skills restrict the productivity of earth construction processes, which are based on a centuries-old state of practice. To overcome the current difficulties, principles of additive manufacturing (AM) and smart sensing technologies may be coupled with earth construction processes towards so-called “earth-based AM”, increasing the quality and advancing the productivity. Through digitalizing earth construction processes, earth-based AM has the potential to transform the current practice for cob, adobe, and rammed earth into a smart manufacturing process. Evidently, to efficiently conduct earth-based AM, a formal description is necessary, which allows adequately gathering, storing, analyzing, and describing the information required for earth-based AM. Furthermore, digital data models, providing the basis for construction robots to “print” earth-based structures without information loss, must be extended or developed anew. The proposed research project aims to advance the digitalization of earth-based AM, or "earth printing", by providing a formal conceptual basis for a new methodology for data modeling in earth-based AM. The methodology will generically define earth-based structures and the overall process of earth-based AM. The methodology, although valid for additive manufacturing in general, is expected to bridge information gaps in the digital workflow of earth printing without information loss, enabling (i) modeling of the parameters and the semantic relationships within earth-based AM (process parameters), including sensing technologies that support process planning, process monitoring, and process control, (ii) integration of earth-based materials into the digital workflow of earth-based AM ("digital material"), including material composition, material properties, and material behavior relevant to extrudability and buildability (material parameters), and (iii) instantiation of the digital models (based on geometry parameters) for designing, simulating, and printing earth-based structures. The methodology will be verified using a verification concept for model checking and reasoning to be proposed for earth-based AM, building upon formal logic, to increase the quality and the productivity of earth-based AM. For validation, use cases will be defined and experimental tests will be conducted using a robotic printing system. As a result, the outcome of this project is expected to provide a formal basis that semantically describes all information relevant to earth-based AM, including structures and processes, to further advance earth-based AM towards smart manufacturing.