Origin and evolution of obligate pollination mutualism and pollination commensalism

对算盘子属及叶下珠科近缘属（黑面榄属、叶下珠属、守宫属、珍珠属和火鹤属）的传粉生物学进行了观察。在琉球群岛对5种算盘子的传粉进行了夜间观察，发现它们都能被江蓠科的小蛾类传粉。为了检测自交亲和性和异交率，进行了套袋试验。同时，我们还收集了花卉散发的气味，并利用气相色谱和质谱分析了气味的化合物。气味混合物的组成不同的研究算盘子物种。通过对琉球群岛植物-传粉昆虫相互作用的深入研究，发现两种隐蔽的传粉蛾类共存时，寄主专一性很少发生破坏。我们对新喀里多尼亚、老挝、马达加斯加和古巴的余甘子科植物进行了传粉系统研究，发现专性传粉互惠共生现象在热带和亚热带地区广泛存在。我们分析了余甘子科及其传粉伙伴，顶头蛾的分子遗传学。通过比较发现，它们的吸浆虫发生过程基本上是平行的，但在过去至少发生过几次寄主的变化。我们还观察了流生草本植物Mitella（虎耳草科），发现除一种外，几乎所有的种类都由菌蚊传粉。Mitella和相关属的分子遗传学研究表明，在北美和日本，菌媒性已经进化了几次。植物与传粉者的相互作用可能是传粉者互作的一个例子。

We observed pollination biology of many species of Glochidion and related genera of Phyllanthaceae (Breynia, Phyllanthus, Saurops, Margaritaria and Flueggea). In Ryukyu Islands, we made night observation on pollination of 5 Glochidion species, and found that all these species were actively pollinated by small moths of Epicephala (Gracillariidae). To detect selfincmpatibility and outcrossing rate, we made bagging experimens. We also collected odors emitted from flowers, and analyzed compounds of the odors by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The composition of the odor blends differed among the studied Glochidion species. Precise investigations on plant-pollinator interactions in the Ryukyu Archipelago suggested that host specificity rarely collapsed by coexistence of two cryptic species of pollinating moths.We made pollination systems of various species of Phyllanthaceae in New Caledonia, Laos, Madagascar and Cuba, and found that the obligate pollination mutualism is found throughout the wide ranges of the tropical and subtropical regions. We analyzed molecular phylogenies of Phyllanthaceae and its pollination partners, Epicephala moths. The comparison of the phylogenies detected that their phylogenies are largely parallel, but that host change has occurred at least several times in the past.We also observed Rheophytic herbaceous plants, Mitella (Saxifragaceae), and detected that almost all species except one were pollinated by mycetophilid midges. Molecular phylogenies of Mitella and related genera suggested that mycetophily has evolved several times in North America and Japan. The plant-pollinator interaction may be an example of pollinator commensalism.