Investigation of the Process of Neolithization in Southwest Asia Using Zooarchaeological Data : Process of Animal Domestication and the Beginning of Nomadic Pastoralism

该项目的目的是调查绵羊、山羊、牛和猪的驯化过程，并追踪西南亚畜牧业的发展。项目负责人和一些研究人员在之前的研究(资助科学研究B 12571041,2000-2002)中证明，有蹄类动物的驯化过程是从PPNB中期开始逐步进行的，在PPNB末期和早期陶器新石器时代(约8500-7500年前)，家畜变得非常重要。在约旦南部，适应干旱环境和游牧似乎始于新石器时代晚期。在本项目中，我们重点关注从PPNB晚期到陶器新石器时代早期，当时家畜在该地区自给自足的经济中变得越来越重要。在本项目期间，我们对土耳其东南部和约旦南部的新石器时代遗址进行了发掘。此外，从PPNB晚期到Ear…的动物群遗骸分析了底格里斯河上游卡约努陶器的新石器时代水平。为了验证夏季转运在游牧发展过程中的重要性这一假设，我们还收集了土耳其东北部山区动物饲养和乳制品生产的信息。对卡约努动物骨骼的分析表明，从普遍的生存策略到严重依赖家养绵羊和山羊的转变发生在PPNB末期，一直持续到安纳托利亚东南部的陶器新石器时代早期。位于底格里斯河上游的新石器时代早期陶器遗址Salat Cami Yani的动物遗骸表明，该遗址已经建立了依赖绵羊、山羊、牛和猪的经济。约旦南部PPNB晚期遗址Wadi Abu Tulayha的大部分动物遗骸是瞪羚的骨骼，这表明该遗址是可能在春季使用的瞪羚狩猎前哨。重要的是，还发现了少量的家养绵羊和山羊骨骼，这表明家畜伴随着人的季节性流动。这种季节性转移是后来游牧发展的基础。较少

The aim of this project was to investigate domestication processes of sheep, goat, cattle and pig, and to trace the development of pastoralism in Southwestern Asia. The project leader and some of the investigators has demonstrated in the previous study (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research B 12571041,2000-2002) that domestication process of ungulates gradually progressed from the middle PPNB, and that domestic livestock became very important in the end of PPNB and early Pottery Neolithic (c.8500-7500 years ago). In southern Jordan, adaptation to arid environment and nomadic pastoralism seem to have started in late Neolithic. In the present project, we focused on the period between late PPNB to early Pottery Neolithic, when domestic animals became increasingly significant in subsistence economy in the region.During the period of the present project, we carried out excavations of Neolithic sites in southeastern Turkey and southern Jordan. In addition, faunal remains from late PPNB to ear … More ly Pottery Neolithic levels at Cayonu in upper Tigris were analyzed. In order to test the hypothesis that practice of summer transhumance was important in the course of development of nomadic pastoralism, we also gathered information on animal keeping and dairy production in the mountain region in northeastern Turkey.Analysis of animal bone remains from Cayonu showed that a shift from generalized subsistence strategy to heavy reliance on domestic sheep and goat took place in the end of PPNB, continuing into early Pottery Neolithic in southeastern Anatolia. Faunal remains from Salat Cami Yani, an early Pottery,Neolithic site in upper Tigris revealed that the economy depending on sheep, goat, cattle, and pig has already established at the site.The majority of faunal remains from Wadi Abu Tulayha, a late PPNB site in southern Jordan, were gazelle bones, which demonstrated that the site was an outpost for gazelle hunting used probably in the spring. Importantly, a small number of domestic sheep and goat bones were also found, which indicated domestic animals accompanied the seasonal movement of the people. Such seasonal transhumance was the basis for later development of nomadic pastoralism. Less