Common Wheal in Contemporary Society - International Research on the Value Idea beyond New Public Management

20世纪80年代中期以来，新自由主义思潮进入工业化国家，日本的行政现代化也在顺应这一潮流继续推进。其基本思想是新公共管理，即将企业管理模式引入公共管理的一种风格。大致分为五种不同的现代化方式。首先要提到的是一种绩效评价方法，以绩效为基础评价行政总体活动的内部和外部方面。这直接导致了个人管理中的绩效评价，并在现实中推动了一种名为“行政评价”或“政策评价”的方法的流行，这是指对日本某些类别的政府活动的评价。此外，更简单的组织，层次更少，权责发生制会计在业务金额制度之后，以客户为导向，将公民作为cli处理……更多的人是行政活动的伙伴。当今最流行的做法是通过审查政府活动的全部范围和实现不同类型的私有化，将市场原则引入公共行政。例如，在国家一级，不仅进行了电话和电报公用事业、国家铁路、香烟专卖、邮政和储蓄服务以及公路服务的私有化，而且正在考虑将机场的建设和服务私有化。在市政一级，正在讨论的问题包括供水服务、医院、日托所、幼儿园的建设和服务，以及各类学校的管理，其中废物的处理和处理是一个典型的例子。的确，在这些例子中有许多成功的例子，但在我看来，现在值得质疑的是，市场原则应该在多大程度上引入公共行政。似乎确实有一些价值是完全不能通过以盈利和效率为基础的市场原则来实现的。这项研究有助于这样的讨论。少

Since the middle of the 80s the trend of neo-liberaliism has come to the industrialised countries, while in Japan also efforts of administrative modernisation are continued in accord with this trend. Its fundamental idea is New Public Management, namely a style to introduce modes of business management into public administration. There are, roughly classified, five different approaches for modernisation. First to be referred is a method of performance evaluation to evaluate internal and external aspects of administrative overall activity based on performance. This leads directly to performance evaluation in personal management and promotes in reality the prevalence of a method named with Administrative Evaluation or Policy Evaluation meaning the evaluation of certain categories of government activity in Japan. Furthermore to be named are simpler organisation with fewer strata, accrual accounting after the system of business amounting, and client orientation dealing with citizens as cli … More ents who are partners of administrative activities. The most prevailed approach of the trend today is introduction of market principle into public administration through reviewing the whole range of government activities and realising different types of privatisation.For example, on the national level, not only the privatisation of the Public Utility of Telephone and Telegraph, the National Railway, the Cigarettes Monopoly, the Post and Saving Services, and the Highway Services are carried out, but also the construction and services of airports is being thought to be privatised. On the municipal level, together with the treatment and handling of waste as a typical example, being discussed are the water services, the construction and services of hospitals, day nurseries, kindergartens, and, last not but least, management of various types of schools. Truly there are many successful cases among such examples, but, in my mind, to be questioned nowadays is how far the market principles should be introduced into public administration. It seems true that there are some values which can not be fulfilled at all only through the market principles based on profitability and efficiency. This Research has contributed to such discussions. Less