Vegetation response to Glacial/Interglacial cycles for the last 400,000 years.

神户盆地周围在冰期(MIS4、6、8、10、12)发育松类针叶林，间冰期以落叶松和栎亚属为主，温带针叶乔木如日本柳杉、轮叶山杉、柏科乔木占主导地位。此外，在各间冰期的峰顶，栎亚属青冈树的数量也有所增加。但各冰期松类针叶林的优势类群在不同的冰期是不同的，在MIS7和MIS9期间，栎亚属青冈的扩展有限。通过对神户盆地末次间冰期以来(MIS5E)、琵琶湖(Takashima-oki柱)和黑田低地(Kurota Lowland)的孢粉记录进行比较，以了解Kinki地区的区域植被格局。末次间冰期的前半部分，落叶阔叶林主要由青冈和栎亚属L…组成下半年，硬叶栎类较多，青冈亚属乔木略有增加。而栎亚属青冈树的扩展幅度小于全新世。Hayashi等人。(2009,2010)认为，末次间冰期栎亚属树木的扩张和日本柳杉在MIS5期间的波动与日照变化有关，东亚季风的变化和季节气候对比与日照变化对近海地区植被的影响有关。在管理信息系统4中，神庙盆地周围在寒冷干燥的气候条件下发育了由松亚属单子松、铁杉和云杉组成的松类针叶林。由落叶阔叶树、温带针叶树和松属针叶树组成的混交林在MIS3期间扩展。同时，在日本海沿岸地区以日本锦鸡儿为主，在内陆地区优势树种较少

Pinaceous conifer forests developed around Kamiyoshi Basin during the glacial periods (MIS 4, 6, 8, 10, 12), whereas deciduous trees mainly composed of Fagus crenata and Quercus subgenus Lepidobalanus and temperate conifer trees, such as Cryptomeria japonica, Sciadopitys verticillata, and Cupressaceae trees, were dominant during the interglacial periods. Also, Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees increased in the peaks of the each interglacial. However, dominant taxa in the pinaceous conifer forests during the glacial periods were different in the each glacial, and expansions of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees during MIS 7 and 9 were limited. Pollen records since the last interglacial (MIS 5e) from Kamiyoshi Basin, Lake Biwa (Takashima-oki core) and Kurota Lowland were compared for understanding the regional vegetation patterns in the Kinki region. In the first half of the last interglacial, deciduous broad-leaved forests composed mainly of Fagus crenata and Quercus subgenus L … More epidobalanus developed, and Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees increased a little in the second half. However, the expansion of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees was less than in the Holocene. Hayashi et al. (2009, 2010) suggested the expansion of Quercus subgenus Cyclobalanopsis trees during the last interglacial and fluctuations of Cryptomeria japonica during MIS 5 were correlated with insolation changes, and changes of the East Asian monsoon and seasonal climate contrasts related to the insolation changes affected on the vegetation around the Kinki region. In MIS 4, pinaceous conifer forests composed of Pinus subgenus Haploxylon, Tsuga, and Picea developed around Kamiyoshi Basin under a cold and dry climate. Mixed forests composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees, temperate conifers, and pinaceous conifers expanded during MIS 3. Meanwhile, C. japonica was dominant in the coastal areas of the Sea of Japan during this period, and Cupressaceae trees were the dominant species in the inland area Less