Vegetation history in Far East Russia since the last glacial

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Pollen data from Kamchatka Peninsula, Amur River Basin and Sakhalin Island in the Far East Russia, and Kotokel Lake near Lake Baikal revealed the vegetation history of these areas since the last glacial period. During the MIS 3 (between 50 kyrBP and 30 kyrBP), Taiga forest composed mainly of spruce, larch and stone pine was developed in Sakhalin. Sparse woodlands composed of larch and spruce with shrub birch, alder and grass in the Amur River Basin. On the other hand, in Kamchatka, shrub tundra with grass and birch and ericaceous shrubs developed. In the Last Glacial Maximum, light taiga forest with grass in Sakhalin, and shrub tundra in Kamchatka were recognized. In Amur River Basin, birch, alder, grass and mugwort with sparse larch in north area, with sparse spruce in south area. In the early Holocene, dark taiga dominated by spruce and birch established in Sakhalin. Deciduous broadleaf forests composed of deciduous oak, elm and walnut developed in the Amur River Basin in 8,000 yrBP. In the same time, deciduous broadleaf trees increased with fir in Hokkaido. Through the Holocene, shrub forest of birch and alder with stone pine sustained. In the late Holocene, spruce increased in the Amur River Basin and northern part of Sakhalin. Also, Korean pine began to increase at 2,000 yr BP in the Amur River Basin. Larch forests in 3,000 yr BP and spruce forests in 2,000 yr BP developed in the central Kamchatka.