Study of the identificate manner of the mal and female, and the form the colony in Jungle crow

描述了林鸦发声和声道形态的性别差异。每个共振峰的频率在男性比女性低，可能是因为男性比女性有更长的气管。然而，在每个谐波音调的频率没有显着差异。决定谐波频率的空洞结构在性别上无差异，雌性的倒钩数明显少于雄性（P<0.05）。雌鼠尾钩较雄鼠尾钩长（P<0.01）。女性的臂间距明显短于男性（P<0.01）。睾丸节段长度在两性间无显著差异（P=0.08）。女性横截面黑色素颗粒密度低于男性（P<0.01）。黑色素颗粒似乎只在雄性的皮质内表面形成单层线，成年乌鸦睾丸重量、卵巢重量和最大卵泡直径在4月和5月比其他季节增加。未成年乌鸦的睾丸和卵巢都不像成年乌鸦那样大，卵泡发育良好，因此它们似乎是性不成熟的。10只林鸦和10只腐肉鸦在该区域的碱基序列数相同。乌鸦之间的同源性高达91%，与乌鸦的同源性也相当。林鸦、腐肉鸦和乌鸦的氨基酸同源性也很高。另一方面，D-环的完整长度在丛林乌鸦中为1355至1357 bp，在腐肉乌鸦中为1355至1359 bp。乌鸦之间的同源性达98%左右，高于乌鸦与欧洲乌鸦的同源性87%左右。

Sexual differences in vocalization and morphology of the vocal tract of the Jungle crow were described. The frequencies of each formant were lower in males than in females, possibly because males had longer tracheas than female. However, there were no remarkable differences in the frequencies of each harmonic tone. The structure of the syrinx, that may determine the harmonic frequencies, did not differ between the sexes.The number of barbs of females were much less than those of males (P<0.05). The hook lets in the barbules of females were longer than those of males (P<0.01). The inter-barbules distance of females were shorter than those of males (P<0.0l). The length of segment in barbules, did not remarkably differ between both sexes (P=0.08). The density of melanin granules of cross-section barbules of females were lower than those of males (P<0.01). Melanin granules seemed to make the single layer line in the inner surface of the cortex only in males.In April and May, weight of the testes, weight of the ovaries and diameter of the largest follicle in adult crows were increased comparing with other seasons. No juvenile crows had the large testes or the ovaries with the well-developed follicles like adult crows, thus they seemed to be sexually immature. However, these values were increased on April and May also in juvenile crows.The number of base sequence in this region was the same all of ten Jungle and ten Carrion crows. The high homology was shown in between crows about 91%, it was also comparable result in compared with Corvesfrugilegus. The rate of homology of deduced amino acid among Jungle, Carrion crows and Rook was also highly rate. The other hand, the complete length of the D-loop ranged from 1355 to 1357 bp in Jungle crows and from 1355 to 1359 bp in Carrion crows. The rate of homology between crows was shown about 98%, it was higher than the result in compared with Corves frugilegus such as about 87%.