Local Concept of 'Development' and its Practice in Papua New Guinea Marginal Area

首先，我们发现巴布亚新几内亚人对“发展”有独特的看法。他们倾向于认为开发的领导者应该是“开发者”，开发来自“外部”，而不是“内部”。他们认为“发展”是“外部”提供的，而不是通过自己的努力实现的。他们倾向于认为他们的社会与西方社会完全不同，他们不认为这两者是一个连续体。因此，他们不认为“发展”是通过自己的持续努力实现的。第二，“文化”和/或“族裔群体”的概念由于现代化和/或发展而正在发生变化。人们从西方人那里学到了这些概念，他们开始把它们作为自己的“想法”来表达他们的现状。伴随着这一变化，由于黄金的发现，土地受到了高度重视，并出现了一些关于土地的冲突和争端。结果发现，新的“文化”概念与传统的“文化”概念并存、融合、对立。第三，通过现代化和发展，性别空间划分正在发生变化。传统上，他们的村庄空间被严格划分为男性和女性空间，人们的行为受到传统规则的限制。但随着现代住宅的普及，人们的行为不再受传统规则的影响，这些住宅几乎没有性别的区别。

First, we found that the people in Papua New Guinea have unique point of view toward 'development'. They tend to think that the leaders of the development are supposed to be 'outsiders', and that the development comes from 'outside', not from 'inside'. They think that the 'development' is offered from 'outside', and not achieved by their own effort. They tend to think that their society is totally different from Westerners', and they do not think that these two consists a sort of continuum. Therefore, they do not think that the 'development' is achieved through their own, continuous effort. This way of thinking prohibit them their doing their effort to achieve development.Secondly, the notion of 'culture' and/or 'ethnic group' is changing as a result of modernization and/or development. The people have learned these concepts from Westerners, and they began to use them as their 'own' ideas to express their present situations. Together with this change, the ground has been valued highly because of the discovery of gold, and there arose a number of conflicts and disputes over ground. As a result, it has been found that the new concept of 'culture' and the traditional ones exist together, and mixed up and are opposed to each other.Thirdly, through modernization and development, space division by gender is changing. Traditionally, the space of their villages is divided strictly into male and female space, and the people's behaviors are restricted according to their traditional rules. But as modern houses are becoming popular, which have little distinction by gender, people's behaviors are not influenced by traditional rules any more.