Study on Political Regime Changes of Semi-Polyarchies in the Interwar Years

本研究项目的目的是首先在概念上界定和划分另一种类型的政治制度，“半多政体”（以下简称SP），进而考察其独特的政体机制，梳理出半多党制向多党制、半多党制向非多党制的变迁动力，本文认为，将多党制理解为一种具有高度“包容性”和“包容性”的政治制度，在理论上是合理的，也是合乎逻辑的。自由化”以及政治决策者的充分“平民化”，其中最重要的特征之一就是议会内阁制的建立。从这种对多党制的理解中，我们可以推论出，不完全的“包容性”或“自由化”（SP I）的政体不仅是一种政治制度，也是一种政治制度。达尔称之为“近多政体”，但也相对包容和自由化，但不完全多元化的（SP II）应该是美食 ...更多信息 被称为半多政体。关于第一阶段自治，典型的案例是实行“寡头政治”的国家和世纪的英国，但本研究敢于对萨拉查之前的葡萄牙进行个案研究，因为从来没有从这个角度进行分析。至于SP II，作为一个无法享有议会内阁对其他国家机构（如国王/女王、军队、枢密院理事会、上院等）的稳定主导权的政权，它预计将出现在多党制的崩溃过程中。但它也出现了“松散的多神教”后不久安装的多神教。本研究以两次世界大战之间的欧洲国家波兰、南斯拉夫、爱沙尼亚、捷克斯洛伐克为例，以SP II为例，探讨了许多新成立的多政体国家。少

The aim of this research project is first to define and demarcate conceptually another type of political regime, "semi-polyarchy" (hereafter SP), and then to scrutinize its distinctive regime mechanism as well as to tease out the dynamics of regime change from semi-polyarchy to polyarchy or that from semi-polyarchy to non-polyarchy through some case studies.In this research we assert that it is theoretically proper and logical to understand polyarchy as a political regime which attains a high degree of "inclusiveness" and "liberalization" as well as sufficient "parliamentarization" of political decision-makers, one of the most important features of which is the establishment of parliamentary cabinet system. From this understanding of polyarchy, we deduce that not only regimes with incomplete "inclusiveness" or "liberalization" (SP I), which Robert A. Dahl called "near-polyarchy," but also relatively inclusive and liberalized though not fully parliamentarized ones (SP II) should be cate … More gorized as semi-polyarchy. Regarding the SP I, typical cases are countries which adopted "oligarchic parliamentarism" or Britain in the 19th century, but this research dares to undertake a case study of Portugal before Salazar, since it has never been analyzed from this perspective. As to the SP II, being a regime that can't enjoy stable predominance of parliamentary cabinet over other state institutions (e.g. King/Queen, military, privy council, upper house and so on), it is expected to appear in the breakdown process of polyarchy. But it also emerges as "unconsolidated polyarchy" soon after the installation of polyarchy. This research picks up Poland, Yugoslavia, Estonia, Czechoslovakia as examples of SP II in the interwar Europe which saw many newly founded polyarchies.More comprehensive and fully comparative study of semi-polyarchy has yet to come, but by identifying another type of non-polyarchal regimes which has been totally neglected, this research would surely contribute to the theoretical development of political regime study. Less