Study on Contamination Investigation of Fluorinated Organic Compounds in Urban Water Environment and their Countermeasures

本研究旨在调查全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）和全氟辛酸（PFOA）等含氟持久性有机污染物在城市水环境中的行为，并研究其应对措施。(1)分析方法的建立除PFOS和PFOA外，还研究了其他几种pfc（全氟化合物）的测量方法。研究了颗粒相中PFCs的提取及固相萃取和LC-MS/MS的条件优化。(2)日本及海外国家全氟化合物分布调查在日本14个县和海外10个国家的多个地点收集了自然地区（河流、湖泊等）、自来水和污水处理厂排放的水样。对这些样品的全氟碳化物分析表明：(1)各县和各县全氟碳化物含量存在差异；(2)全氟碳化物的来源是非天然的，特别是来自污水处理厂；(3)全氟碳化物的浓度在自然净化过程中没有降低。(3)净水厂去除PFCs的作用天然水体与自来水的PFCs浓度关系表明，大多数净水厂不能去除PFCs。即使在采用臭氧化和GAC过滤等高级处理工艺的工厂中，也只在GAC过滤器中观察到轻微的减少。(4)污水处理厂去除PFCs的功能在日本的14家工厂和海外4个国家的10家工厂进行了污水处理厂调查。结果表明：(1)大部分PFCs在污水处理厂不能去除；(2)进水浓度和由此产生的出水浓度范围很大，取决于污水处理厂；(3)活性污泥吸附了大量的FPCs，导致污水处理厂PFCs的高储存量。(5)处理方法研究在净水厂和污水处理厂的研究表明，常规处理工艺几乎不能去除PFCs。然而，一些新工艺似乎是有效的，如GAC吸附，可以在短时间内去除它们，紫外线辐射，可以分解FPOA，需要较长的处理时间。少

This research aims to investigate behavior of fluorinated POPs (persistent organic pollutants), such as PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) and PFOA (perfluorooctanoate, in urban water environment, and to study their countermeasures. The following results are drawn from three years research work:(1) Analytical procedure developmentIn addition to PFOS and PFOA, a measurement procedure of other several PFCs (perfiuorinated compounds) was also investigated. This work included extraction of PFCs from particulate phase and condition optimization of SPE (solid phase extraction) and LC-MS/MS.(2) PFCs distribution surveys in Japan and overseas countriesWater samples from natural areas (rivers, lakes and others), tap water, and discharge from wastewater treatment plants were collected at several sites in 14 prefectures (Japan), and 10 overseas countries. PFCs analysis of these samples shows (1) PFCs level are different in earl prefecture and country, (2) Sources of them are non-natural, especially … More from wastewater treatment plants, and (3) Their concentrations are not reduced during journeys to downstream by natural purification processes.(3) Functions of water purification plants for PFCs removalThe PFCs concentration relationship between natural waters and tap waters showed that most of water purification plants can not remove PFCs. Even in plants adopting advance treatment processes such as ozonation and GAC filtration, slight reduction was seen in GAC filter only.(4) Functions of wastewater treatment plants for PFCs removalWastewater treatment plant surveys were conducted at 14 plants in Japan, and at 10 plants in 4 overseas countries. The results thawed (1) most of PFCs can not be removed in wastewater treatment plants, (2) influent concentrations and resultant effluent concentrations are widely ranged, depending on wastewater treatment plants, and (3) activated sludge adsorbs a large amount of FPCs, resulting in high storage of PFCs in wastewater treatment plants.(5) Treatment method studyThe study in water purification plants and wastewater treatment plants showed that ordinal treatment processes hardly remove PFCs. However, some of new processes seem to be effective, such as GAC adsorption, which can remove them during a short period, and UV radiation, which can decompose FPOA with long treatment time. Less