The Study ofthe Russo-Japanese War and the First Revolution from the viewpoint of Russian nation-building

这项三年研究的结果如下1。对俄国大后方的研究表明，在日俄战争期间，地方自治总组织和市议会等社会机构的作用对战争的努力至关重要。与此同时，农民社区有时拒绝援助登记入伍的预备役家庭，因为他们认为这不是他们自己的战争，或者他们认为这些家庭从国家得到了足够的支持。农民的这种态度源于现代民族主义意识的缺乏.日本后方的形势与上述俄国的形势截然不同。在日本，从甲午战争（1894年）开始，军事组织遍布全国，1904年建立了国家供养军人家属的制度。国民代表制度、初等教育制度和普遍征兵制为日本的国家建设服务。因此，我们可以得出结论，日本的民族国家是由日俄战争形成的。在战场上的军事失败引起了比战前更多的对俄罗斯专制政府的自由主义反对运动的敌对批评。一些自由主义活动家，特别是以P·斯特鲁夫为首的自由主义联盟，认为日本的优秀之处在于其“民族精神”，即民族主义，并从这一观点出发，试图建立一个不分性别和国籍的普遍、直接、秘密和平等选举的国家代表制度，以统一多民族帝国。这是1905年俄国第一次革命中最重要的要求之一。

The results of this three years' study are following1. Research on the home front of Russia demonstrates that the role of social organs such as the General-zemustvo Organizations and city councils was crucial for the war efforts during the Russo-Japanese war. Meanwhile, peasant communities sometimes rejected to aid the families of reserves who registered for draft because they thought it was not their own war or they believed the families received enough support from the state. Such attitude of peasants derived from the lack of sense of modern nationalism.2. The situation of the Japanese home front was contrastive to the above-mentioned Russian situation. In Japan, from the time of the Sino-Japanese War (1894), the military organizations spread all over the country and the system of soldiers' family support by the state was established in 1904. The system of national representatives, primary education system and the universal conscription altogether served for the Japanese nation-building. As a result, we can conclude that the nation state of Japan was formed by the Russo-Japanese war.3. Military failures at the battle fields caused more hostile criticism of the liberal oppositional movements to the Russian autocratic government than before the war. Some liberal activists, especially those who were organized in the Union of Liberation lead by P. Struve, considered excellence of Japan to be in their "national spirits", that is, nationalism, and from this viewpoint, tried to establish a national representative system on the basis of universal, direct, secret and equal election without sex and nationality for uniting the multi-national empire. This was among the most important demands in the first Russian revolution of 1905.