An investigation of corpses of wild pigs excavated in islands as an indicator for occupations (Nariwari) and environmental changes during the Neolithic

本研究的目的是通过动物园-考古学上的野猪尸体研究日本新石器时代的人类和野猪的关系，这些野猪尸体是从野猪的自然栖息地带到外面的岛屿上挖掘出来的。和去年一样，我们调查了从北海道绳文遗址、伊豆大岛、八条岛挖掘出的野猪尸体，以及今年在佐渡岛新挖掘出的尸体。因此，我们能够调查几乎所有的野猪尸体出土的绳文遗址的岛屿位于东部的本州岛，日本的主要岛屿。作为比较，我们将在福岛和本州岛青森县挖掘出的尸体添加到我们的调查中。我们采用的检查这些尸体的方法是根据牙齿和肢骨的测量来估计动物的大小，以及通过检查牙齿萌出的情况、牙齿磨损的阶段和牙齿的状况来估计动物的年龄。 ...更多信息 四肢骨尖融合。我们还检查了保持营养状况和疾病迹象的骨骼，由于骨骼的拆卸和加工而产生的人工痕迹，以及包括狗在内的其他动物的咬痕。根据我们的调查结果，从八丈岛出土的野猪，如以前所建议的，显示出它们的大小减少，肢体关节形态的改变，和营养条件差，所有这些都没有观察到在本州的野猪。由于在本州的野猪中未观察到这些属性，因此在八丈岛的野猪中观察到的属性很可能是由于野猪一直生活在并局限于一个岛屿。为了验证这一点，我们已经开始研究，通过使用功能数值方法，在琉球野猪的骨骼形态，生活在一个岛屿的条件。我们收集了西表岛3种动物的全部骨骼和13块颅骨，目前正在通过形态测量学和功能形态学分析，调查岛屿环境和人类影响对野猪骨骼的影响。同位素测量和加速器质谱（ANTS）测年的骨骼遗骸也表明，有一个岛屿和本州的野猪之间的轻微差异。随着我们继续进行这些分析，我们计划进一步调查岛屿上野猪遗骸的重要性。少

The objective of this study was to investigate relationships of humans and wild pigs during the Neolithic in Japan by examining zoo~archaeologically corpses of wild pigs excavated in islands to which wild pigs had been brought outside from their natural habitats. As we did last yeai we investigated corpses of wild pigs excavated from Jomon sites in Hokkaido, Izu Oshima Island, Hachijo Island and newly excavated corpses in Sado Island this year. Therefore, we were able to investigate almost all corpses of wild pigs excavated from Jomon sites of islands located in eastern parts of Honshu, the main island of Japan. As a comparison, we added the corpses excavated in Fukushima and Aomori prefecture of Honshu to our investigation. The methods that we adopted to examine these corpses were both a size estimation of animals based on measurements made in teeth and limb bones and an age estimation of animals by examining conditions of dental eruption, stages of dental attrition, and conditions of … More fusion at the tip of limb bones. We also examined bones that have kept the sign of nutritional conditions and diseases, artificial traces that were made due to dismantling and processing of bones, and biting marks by other animals including dogs. As results of our investigation, wild pigs excavated from Hachijo Island, as has previously been suggested, showed their size reduction, alterations in morphology of limb joints, and poor nutritional conditions, all that were not observed in wild pigs in Honshu. Since these attributes were not observed in wild pigs in Honshu, it was highly likely that the attributes observed in wild pigs in Hachijo Island might have resulted from the fact that wild pigs have been living in and confined to an island. To test this, we have begun to examine, by using functional numerical methods, morphology of bones in Ryukyu wild pigs that live at an island condition. We collected all bones of three individual animals and 13 cranial bones in Iriomote Island and we are presently investigating effects of island environments and human impacts on bones of wild pigs by using morphometrics and functional morphological analyses. Isotope measurements and Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (ANTS) dating of bone remains were also made, indicating that there was a slight difference between wild pigs in islands and those in Honshu. As we continue performing these analyses, we are planning to investigate further an importance of wild pig remains in islands. Less