New Aspects of the Urban Labor Market under Economic Reforms in India

本研究的目的是探讨自20世纪90年代经济改革以来印度劳动力市场发生的变化，并调查这些变化背后的原因。本研究主要针对最近出现的“无就业增长”、“两极分化”等印度劳动力市场的问题，以及劳动力市场的灵活性问题，这些问题已成为劳动改革的争论焦点。首先，我的目标是了解劳动力市场的最新趋势，其次，我研究了印度的劳动政策和劳动相关机构。第三，在实地调查的基础上，从劳动者的角度探讨城市劳动力市场灵活性的含义。也就是说，我试图掌握每个工人的工作历史和他们的代际流动，以了解实施后城市工人阶级发生的社会和经济变化。 ...更多信息 在经济改革方面。第四，对印度的劳动与就业进行了广泛而全面的研究综述，介绍了“无就业增长”的现实和原因、劳动政策/制度的变化和不变、劳动力市场的灵活性（有出口无入口的单向灵活性）的现实、城市劳动力市场的筛选机制等。此外，值得注意的是，在本研究中，实现了1991年和1998年的第三次工厂（前）劳动者调查，作为对城市劳动者阶层的长期跟踪调查，并根据对子女的调查，调查了不同世代劳动者之间的差距和流动性。我希望通过对微观和宏观层面的劳动就业问题的研究，加深对印度经济发展和贫困问题的理解。最后，对作为新中产阶级核心的“劳动精英”进行实地调查，并探讨其扩大的潜力，将是进一步研究的课题。少

The objective of this research was to explore the changes that occurred in the labor market in India since the inception of economic reforms in the 1990s and to investigate the causes behind these changes. The research focused on the recently emerging aspects of the Indian labor market such as 'jobless growth' and 'polarisation' as well as the flexibilisation of the labor market, which has come to be a focus of debate on labor reform.The following four points were the main research issues. First, I aim to understand the recent trends in the labor market, and second, I study the Indian labor policy and labor-related institutions. Third, I consider the implications of flexibility in the urban labor market from the standpoint of the workers, on the basis of a field survey. In other words, I attempted to grasp each worker's job history and their intergenerational mobility in order to understand the social and economic changes that have occurred in the urban labor class after the implementa … More tion of the economic reforms. Fourth, I conduct a broad and comprehensive research review on labor and employment in India.Thus, this research presented the reality and causes of 'jobless growth', the changing and unchanging labor policy/institutions, the realities of labor market flexibility, i.e. one-way flexibility with an exit but' without an entrance, the screening mechanism in the urban labor market, and other such aspects. Furthermore, a noteworthy point is that during this research, I was able to realize the third survey on (ex-) factory workers, who were also surveyed in 1991 and 1998, as a long-term panel survey on the urban labor class and in addition investigated the gap and mobility between different generations of workers, based on another survey on their children. I expect that this research on labor and employment at both the micro and macro levels will help to deepen the understandings of the problems relating to economic development and poverty in India. Finally, a field survey on 'labor elites' who appear to be at the core of the new middle class and an investigation of their potential for expansion will be the subjects of further study. Less