Aspects of Technique in the instrumental study in the 19th century

技巧是理解十九世纪音乐的关键。这个世纪被技术发明带来的进步观念所占据。其中一个例子就是钢琴练习曲、练习曲、曲子等的流行。在这项研究中，我们收集并分析了19世纪出版的许多钢琴书籍，通过机械训练来加强手指肌肉的想法是本世纪的产物，而在19世纪初，系统的方法仍然缺乏（克莱默，克莱门蒂，切尔尼等），在下半叶，许多系统化的手指练习出版，如皮什纳或哈农。

Technique ist the keyword to the understanding of the 19^<th> century music. This century was possessed by the idea of progress by means of technical inventions. One of such examples is the prevalence of the piano etude, exercises,uebungen etc. In this research we collected and analysed many piano books published in the 19th century The idea of strengthening finger-muscles by means of mechanical training was the product of this century While at the beginning of the 19^<th> century the systematic methode still lacked (Cramer, Clementi, Czerny etc), in the latter half of it many systematized finger-drills were published like Pischna or Hanon.