A Review of Existing Urban Models in the World with emphasis on Theory, Function and Applications

本研究的目的是调查国家的最先进的业务城市模型在世界上，重点是土地利用模拟子模型。本综述通过对模型的理论基础、功能和实际应用案例的比较，找出城市模型开发中的新课题。首先，对土地利用和交通一体化的真实的大都市规划案例，就城市模型在规划过程中的应用进行了回顾。其次，国家的最先进的业务城市模型与现有的审查文件和其他当前的信息。然后，通过与开发商的访谈和电子邮件沟通，以及最新的论文，对选定的七个城市模型进行了密集的信息收集。在此基础上，从模型理论、模型结构、程序语言、计算机系统、GIS以及数据内容、功能和应用实例等方面对模型进行了比较和识别。在此基础上，对模型在日本的可移植性进行了研究。此外，还讨论了在日本的实际大都市规划中引入可操作的城市模型的成本效益。另一方面，本文以美国都市圈为例，设计了日本都市圈的制度设置，因为在规划过程中，城市模型的应用是必不可少的。最后，本文收集了图形输出，以展示所审查的模型的功能。提出了如何在大都市地区的土地利用和交通综合规划中引入城市模式，并指出了进一步发展的途径。

The purpose of the present study is to investigate on state-of the-art operational urban models in the world with emphasis on land use simulation sub-models. In this review works, it is intended to identify emerging issues in urban model developments by comparing the theory on which a model is based, the functions which a model has, and the actual cases to which a model is applied.At first, real metropolitan planning cases in which land use and transport are substantially integrated is reviewed in relation to the application of urban models in the planning process. Secondly, state-of the-art operational urban models are identified with exiting review papers and additional current information. Then, an intensive information collection of selected seven urban models is conducted by interviews and e-mail communications with the developers besides with up-dated papers. Based on the information, models are compared and identified in terms of their relationships by the following items ; model theories, model structures, program languages, computer system, GIS and the data contents, functions, and application cases. Based on the above, transferability of the models to Japan was investigated. In addition, the cost-effectiveness of the introduction of an operational urban model to actual metropolitan planning in Japan is also discussed. On the other hand, an institutional set-up for a metropolitan area in Japan is designed with reference to the cases in USA, for it is indispensable for an urban model to be applied in the planning process, Finally, graphics outputs are collected to demonstrate the functions of the reviewed models.In concluding of this study, the way how to introduce an urban model in integrated land use and transport planning in a metropolitan area is presented, and the way for the further developments are identified.