A Comparative Research on Self-organising Process of Food system

市场的存在本身并不能保证适应水果和蔬菜分配合理化的趋势。一个纯粹由小批发商组成的批发市场，会随着分销合理化的趋势而落后。相反，大型批发商则有能力应付大型零售商的需求，甚至有时会退出批发市场，以提高经营效率。这种反应不仅限于捷克，在西欧国家也可以看到。在伦敦的科旺花园和法国的伦吉斯，批发市场的影响力正在迅速下降。e* 虽然零售商的需求日益多样化，规模不断扩大，但农业生产在地域和季节上都是分散的。为了有效地整合这些因素，至少有一个参与者需要整合从生产到零售的许多交易。现时很多蔬果批发市场都缺乏这功能，我们应考虑以下五个因素：（一）农业生产发展程度（生产者的独立性和组织），2）批发商的结构（规模、集中度），3）零售结构（和外出就餐）行业，4）消费者的消费行为，5）进口结构。批发的具体功能不一定由批发市场来履行。它们将由批发商进行。在日本以外的许多国家，水果和蔬菜的合理分配需要批发商的整合。我们认为单是扩大批发市场的规模并不有效。

The existence of a market in itself does not guarantee adaptation to trends to rationalise the distribution of fruits and vegetables. A wholesale market that is a simple gathering of small wholesalers will fall behind as trends to rationalise distribution continue In contrast, large wholesalers are well capable of meeting demand from mass retailers and can occasionally even withdraw from a wholesale market to facilitate greater efficiency of operation. This response is not limited to Czech but is also seen in Western European nations. At London's Covent Garden and France's Rungis, wholesale markets are rapidly declining in power.*e*While retailers' demand is growing more diversified and expanding in size, agricultural production is spread both geographically and seasonally. To integrate these factors efficiently, at least one player needs to integrate many transactions from production through retailing. Many of the existing wholesale fruits and vegetables markets lack this functionality.We should consider the following five factors: 1) Degree of development of agricultural production (independence and organization of producers), 2) Structure of wholesalers (size, degree of concentration), 3) Structure of the retail (and eat out) industries, 4) Consumption behavior of consumers, 5) Structure of imports.The specific functions of wholesaling are not necessarily performed by wholesale markets. They are to be carried out by wholesalers. In many countries other than Japan, rationalising the distribution of fruits and vegetables requires integration of wholesalers. We consider that just expanding the size of wholesale markets is not effective.