Comparative Research of Competitive Advantages among Japan's, U.S.A.'S, and Europe's Multinationals in Asia

在我们的研究活动中，我们在国内外进行了理论研究和实地研究。在理论研究方面，我们回顾了巴克利（Buckley）和卡森（Casson）发展的内部化理论和交易成本理论，波特（Porter）完善的产业组织理论，Bartlett和Ghoshal强化的权变理论。通过这些理论回顾，我们试图建立一些专门适用于亚洲地区和服务业的假想动态理论。我们对亚洲主要城市（北京、上海、广州、成都、香港、台北、首尔、德里、班加罗尔、曼谷、胡志明市和迪拜）的零售、教育、咨询、IT、酒店、交通、银行、非银行、广告、制造业和行政机构等各种服务行业进行了研究调查。此外，针对新的模型和理论的构建，我们邀请了一些探索专家进行深入和更广泛的会议。这些活动的结果发现了以下几点。(1)日本、美国和欧洲的服务业跨国公司（smn）在亚洲分布不均。例如，欧洲和美国公司在迪拜的外国直接投资引人注目。在零售业，中国和印度围绕短信的情况非常不同。(2)与欧美的短信竞争优势相比，日本的短信竞争优势相对较弱。知识管理和人力资源管理对日本中小企业最为重要。(3)亚洲各国政府必须规划和实施更加开放的市场政策来发展服务业。零售、物流和金融行业的放松管制政策对印度和中国内地尤为重要。对短信的研究在欧美学术界比在日本更受欢迎。日本中小企业的竞争优势仍然处于非常薄弱的地位。日本对短信网络的研究有待进一步加强。少

In our research activities, we have implemented both theoretical and field research at home and in foreign countries.In theoretical researches, we have reviewed the internalization and transaction cost theories developed by Buckley and Casson, the industrial organization theory refined by Porter, the contingency approach reinforced by Bartlett and Ghoshal. And through such theoretical reviews, we have tried to establish some hypothetical dynamic theories adapted specifically for an Asian area and service industries.We have implemented research surveys on various service industries such as retail, education, consultancy, IT, hospitality, transportation, bank, non-bank, advertisement, manufacturing and administrative agencies in major Asian cities(Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Hong Kong, Taipei, Seoul, Delhi, Bangalore, Bangkok, Ho Chi Ming City and Dubai.)Moreover, aiming at the construction of new models and theories, we have invited some quest specialists to hold in-depth and … More extensive meetings.Following points have been found as results of these activities.(1) The service multinationals(SMNs) of Japan, the US and Europe are unevenly distributed in Asia. For example, the foreign direct investment by European and US companies are remarkable in Dubai. In retail sector, the situation surrounding SMNs is very different between China and India.(2) Comparing to European and US SMNs' competitive advantages, Japanese SMNs' are far behind and weak. Knowledge management and IHRM are at most important for Japanese SMNs.(3) Governments in the Asian countries must plan and implement more open market policy to develop service industries. In particular, deregulation policy in retail, physical distribution and finance industries are important for India and inland China.The research on SMNs is more popular in European and US academia than in Japan. The competitive advantages of Japanese SMNs are still in a very weak position. The research on SMNs in Japan should be enhanced further. Less