Reduction of oral carriage of periodontal bacteria by the use of the induction of beta defensin through molecular pattern recognition into saliva

目的：初步研究柠檬酸对唾液分泌物中人β防御素（hBD-2）的诱导作用。由于hBD被认为可以通过抑制关键的牙周病原体来改善牙周疾病，我们开发了一种含柠檬酸的口香糖（CA-口香糖）来测试这一假设。在这里，我们报告，CA-口香糖对三个主要的牙周病原体中间普氏菌（Pi），坦纳氏菌（Tf），齿垢密螺旋体（Td）和梭杆菌属（Fb）。方法：一个随机，双盲，安慰剂对照试验，61人，进行了14天以上。允许每个受试者以不规则的间隔咀嚼CA口香糖（31名受试者）或安慰剂口香糖（30名受试者），但要求每天至少吃三片口香糖。无活动性龋齿、牙龈炎或牙周病症状、吸烟史或合并用药。为了确定推定病原体的口腔携带水平，以标准方式通过石蜡咀嚼从每个受试者收集唾液，并确定总培养微生物（CFU）的数量。使用实时聚合酶链反应（PCR）（BML Inc.，琦玉，日本）。与安慰剂口香糖组相比，CA口香糖组的中间普雷沃氏菌、嗜热坦纳氏菌和梭杆菌属的水平显著较低。在他们的唾液中。（Wilcoxon t检验; p<0.01）。然而，咀嚼任何类型的口香糖都不会影响唾液中总培养细菌的携带（Wilcoxon t检验; p>0.05）。结论：咀嚼含柠檬酸的口香糖可显著降低唾液中牙周致病菌的负担。

Objective: In a preliminary study, we noted that citric acid has the potency to induce human beta defensins (hBD-2) in salivary secretions. As hBDs are thought to ameliorate periodontal disease by suppressing key periodontal pathogens we developed a citric acid-containing chewing gum (CA-gum) to test this hypothesis. Here we report, the effect of CA-gum on three major periodontal pathogens Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Treponema denticola (Td) and Fusobacterium species (Fb).Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 61 individuals, was conducted over 14 days. Each subject was allowed to chew CA-gum (31 subjects) or placebo gum (30 subjects) at irregular intervals, but was instructed to eat at least three pieces of gum a day. None had active caries, symptoms of gingivitis or periodontal disease, smoking history, or concurrent medication. To determine the levels of oral carriage of the putative pathogens, saliva was collected from each subject by paraffin chewing in a standard manner and, the number of total cultivative microorganisms (CFUs) determined. Five key periodontal pathogens, Pg, Pi, TI Td and Fb present in saliva were determined quantitatively using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (BML Inc., Saitama, JAPAN).Results: Compared with the placebo chewing gum group the CA-gum group had significantly lower levels of Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium spp. in their saliva. (Wilcoxon t-test; p<0.01). However, chewing of either type of gum did not affect the salivary carriage of total cultivative bacteria (Wilcoxon t-test; p>0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of citric acid-laced chewing gum reduces significantly the burden of periodontal pathogens in saliva.