Molecular genetics of heterosis of the plant`s earliest stage, the embryo, using the large-seeded faba bean as model

分析发育期和成熟期单粒种子的杂种优势。种子在播种和成为“谷物产量”时起决定性作用。种子有它自己的遗传基因：然而，花粉直感效应大多被忽视：花粉直感，种子的基因型对其自身性状的直接影响。种子显示出杂种优势，但只有很少的实验数据。种子大小的杂种优势是由亲本种子大小基因引起的吗？它是否具有普遍性，是由多基因引起的，因而与绿色植物的产量杂种优势相似？将检验两个假设：（1）杂交种子比自交种子大：种子的全基因组杂合性对其生长有明显的影响，种子有自己的杂种优势;（2）如果生长的种子是杂合的，植物的产量更高。计划在几个环境中进行正交交配设计的田间试验，包括应力处理。可用的先决条件是：对本研究非常方便的作物（蚕豆），单独检测在一个果实内竞争的自交和杂交种子的系统，具有种子大小的对比基因的近等基因授粉者，花粉不育系和杂交种，具有标记相似性和绿色植物杂种优势的已知差异的近交系（来自多环境田间试验）。

Heterosis of developing and mature single seeds will be analyzed. The seed is decisive at sowing and when becoming 'grain yield'. The seed has its own genetics: yet, xenia effects are mostly neglected: xenia, the direct impact of the seed's genotype on its own traits. Seeds show heterosis, but only very few experimental data are available. Is heterosis of seed size specific, caused by the parental seed size genes? Is it general, caused by many genes, hence similar to the green plant's yield heterosis? Two hypotheses will be tested: (1) Hybrid seeds become larger than inbred seeds: seed's genome-wide heterozygosity has a clear impact on its growth, the seed has its own heterosis; (2) Yield of a plant is greater if the growing seeds are heterozygous. Field experiments with orthogonal mating designs across several environments including a stress treatment are planned. Available prerequisites are: a crop very convenient for this research (faba bean), systems to individually detect selfed and crossed seeds competing within one fruit, near isogenic pollinators with contrasting genes for seed size, pollensterile lines and hybrids, inbred lines with known differences for marker similarity and for green plant's heterosis (from multi-environment field trials).