Transnational Migration in Insular Southeast Asia : An Anthropological Study

本研究的目的是从人类学的角度，通过观察东南亚岛屿上的人口流动，特别是马来西亚的沙巴，来考察文化、社会和国家之间的动态关系。研究课题包括沙巴的原住民群体如卡达赞特、高度移动的的群体如武吉士和巴夭、英属北婆罗洲公司时期的移民工人、移民到北婆罗洲的历史以及当今沙巴的发展计划。主要研究结果如下：（1）殖民地时期的中国和爪哇移民受到殖民地政府的严密控制。(2)来自印度尼西亚的武吉士利用他们作为穆斯林的地位在沙巴建立他们的足迹。(3)巴夭人利用他们在马来西亚和菲律宾的地区覆盖率，倾向于强调他们的沙巴血统，以支持更高的生活水平。(4)随着沙巴政治气候的改变，沙巴的原住民团体一再重新定义他们的身份。(5)生态旅游是沙巴经济发展的重要支柱，也是沙巴的缩影，不同国家的员工和游客混杂在一起，体现了几个世纪以来人流的连续性和“族群”在国家制度建立中的结晶。它们也很好地展示了人们对现行国家制度的依恋和超脱。

The aim of this research is to examine, from anthropological point of view, dynamic relationship between culture, society and state by observing the human flow in Insular Southeast Asia, with special focus on Sabah, Malaysia. The research topics include the autochthonous groups of Sabah such as Kadazant, highly mobile groups such as Bugis and Bajau, migrant workers in the time of British North Borneo Company, the history of emigration to North Borneo, and the development plans in the present-day Sabah. The main findings are as follows :(1) migrants from China and Java in the colonial time were carefully controlled by the colonial governments.(2) Bugis, from Indonesia, take advantage of their status as Moslems in establishing their footsteps in Sabah.(3) Bajau, utilizing their area coverage in Malaysia and the Philippines, tend to stress their Sabah origin in favor of higher standard of living.(4) the autochthonous groups of Sabah have repeatedly re-define their identity as the political climate in Sabah changed.(5) eco-tourism on which the present Sabah economy depends, shows an epitome of Sabah, as it presents mixture of employees and visitors from different countries.These points show the continuous nature of human flow through centuries and the crystallization of "ethnic groups" in the establishment of state system. They also show good examples of people's attachment to and detachment from the current state system.