Do children's genetically-influenced characteristics influence the parental input they experience? Evidence from a longitudinal twin study

项目摘要/摘要 这个项目的目标是了解语言输入的数量和质量是如何导向 儿童受其照顾者的影响受基因影响的儿童特征(语言能力如 通过标准评估以及儿童在互动过程中的成果和气质来衡量 以标准评估衡量)。这项研究项目的主要活动是转录和 作为纵向研究的一部分收集的对自然主义亲子互动的分析 300多对同性双胞胎和他们的父母。数据集由一对一游戏交互组成 在三个时间点(3岁、4岁和5岁)的父母之间分别有一对双胞胎。这个独一无二的 样本可以调查父母对每个孩子的语言输入是如何不同的。因为有一半的样本 由同卵(基因相同)双胞胎和另一半异卵双胞胎(共享大约 50%的分离基因)，我们可以根据基因对性状的影响程度做出推断 同卵双胞胎和异卵双胞胎成员之间的相似性。在这项调查中，我们重点关注如何 受基因影响的特征会影响父母语言输入的特性。数量遗传模型- 拟合分析将揭示父母语言输入与儿童特征之间的双向关系 通过告知遗传和环境对父母年龄段语言输入的影响的病因学水平 3、4和5；父母语言输入的稳定性和随年龄的变化；以及 父母的语言输入和儿童在不同年龄段的特点。这是一次及时的调查： 目前，对影响语言的环境或父母特征的研究受到了极大的关注 投入，如父母的教育水平，以及干预措施如何培训高危群体中的父母 以提高他们提供的输入的质量。拟议的工作为这些工作增加了另一个层面，即 调查儿童特有的特征以及这些特征如何影响父母的语言输入 环境和父母的特征。所获得的知识将揭示这些儿童因素是如何对 父母的语言输入和儿童接受的这种关系的纵向后果。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The goal of this project is to understand how quantity and quality of the language input directed to children by their caregivers is influenced by genetically-influenced child characteristics (language ability as measured by standard assessment as well as children's productions during the interactions, and temperament as measured by standard assessments). The overarching activity of this research project is transcription and analysis of naturalistic parent-child interactions that have already been collected as part of a longitudinal study of over 300 same-sex twin pairs and their parents. The data set consists of one-on-one play interactions between a parent with each twin separately, at each of three time points (ages 3, 4, and 5 years). This unique sample allows investigation of how the parent's linguistic input to each child differs. Because half of the sample consists of monozygotic (genetically identical) twins and the other half of dizygotic twins (sharing approximately 50% of their segregating genes), we can make inferences about genetic influences on traits by the degree of similarity between members of a monozygotic and dizygotic twin pair. In this investigation we focus on how genetically-influenced traits affect the properties of the parent's linguistic input. Quantitative genetic model- fitting analyses will reveal bidirectional relations between parental linguistic input and child characteristics at the level of etiology by informing about genetic and environmental influences on parental linguistic input at age 3, 4, and 5; stability and change in parental linguistic input across age; and sources of covariance between parental linguistic input and child characteristics both within and across age. This is a timely investigation: much attention is currently being given to the study of environmental or parental traits that affect linguistic input, such as the parent's level of education, and how interventions might train parents within high-risk groups to improve the quality of the input they provide. The proposed work adds another dimension to these efforts by investigating child-specific features and how these may influence parental linguistic input above and beyond environmental and parental traits. The knowledge gained will reveal how these child factors contribute to the parental linguistic input children receive and the longitudinal consequences of this relationship.