Precision Mapping the Human Cerebellum for Neuromodulation and Understanding of Brain Disorders

项目摘要/总结 小脑是人脑中第二大结构。直到最近，小脑 只考虑电机结构。神经解剖学的发现，对小脑病变患者的研究， 和人类神经成像都表明小脑的主要区域参与了 先进的认知形式。小脑功能障碍与心理健康有关， 精神疾病和初步报告表明，非侵入性刺激小脑可能受益 精神分裂症的症状然而，我们对小脑组织的详细了解远远落后于 大脑皮层，导致了关于小脑区域的空间组织的争论， 思想和情感，甚至争论小脑的功能组织在多大程度上 从一个人到另一个人都是一致的。目前工作的目标是提供一个详细的了解 特别关注涉及高级认知的区域，包括 神经调节区域。(1)首先，先进的人类高场MRI方法将用于映射 小脑的神经网络完全在个体内部， 使用较低分辨率的方法或通过对个体的结果进行平均来丢失。为了达到这个水平， 精确度每个个体将被重复成像。(2)第二，确定空间上分离的区域 小脑的功能是不同的，同样的人将被管理具有挑战性的任务， 探索语言、社交和记忆功能，以严格建立小脑区域之间的分离 可能只有几毫米的距离(3)在小脑组织的精确地图的帮助下， 公开的辩论将得到解决，其中包括关于高阶认知区重复多少次的问题 以及小的、难以绘制的、孤立的功能区是否有助于 每个人大脑的独特性。(4)这项工作的长期目标是使病人护理受益， 每个人小脑的精确地图将被用来模拟非侵入性的可能影响。 刺激.在这样做的过程中，将提供从小脑的精确映射到神经调节的路径 公开以及高分辨率的地图和原始数据，可供社区使用，以进一步改善 用于神经调节的可用方法。最广泛地说，目前的工作旨在更好地了解详细的 人类小脑的组织，作为理解和进一步开发新的 在与精神疾病的斗争中进行干预。

PROJECT ABSTRACT/SUMMARY The cerebellum is the second largest structure in the human brain. Until recently, the cerebellum was considered solely a motor structure. Discoveries from neuroanatomy, study of patients with cerebellar lesions, and human neuroimaging have all converged to suggest that major zones of the cerebellum participate in advanced forms of cognition. Relevant to mental health, cerebellar dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric illness and preliminary reports suggest noninvasive stimulation of the cerebellum may benefit symptoms in schizophrenia. However our detailed understanding of cerebellar organization is far behind that of the cerebral cortex, leading to debates about the spatial organization of cerebellar zones linked to human thought and emotion, and even debate about the degree to which the functional organization of the cerebellum is consistent from one person to the next. The goal of the present work is to provide a detailed understanding of cerebellar organization with particular focus on zones implicated in higher-order cognition that include regions accessible to neuromodulation. (1) First, advanced human high-field MRI methods will be used to map networks across the cerebellum fully within individuals preserving the anatomical details that would otherwise be lost with lower resolution approaches or by averaging findings across individuals. To achieve this level of precision each individual will be imaged repeatedly. (2) Second, to establish that the spatially separate regions of the cerebellum are functionally distinct, the same individuals will be administered challenging tasks that probe language, social, and memorial functions to rigorously establish separation between cerebellar zones that may be as little as a few millimeters apart. (3) Enabled by the precision maps of cerebellar organization, open debates will be resolved that include questions about how many times high-order cognitive zones repeat across the cerebellum and whether small, difficult to map, isolated zones of function contribute to the uniqueness of each person’s brain. (4) Critical to the long-term objective of this work to benefit patient care, the precision maps of each individual’s cerebellum will be used to model the possible effects of non-invasive stimulation. In doing so, a path from precision mapping of the cerebellum to neuromodulation will be provided openly as well as high-resolution maps and raw data that can be utilized by the community to further improve available methods for neuromodulation. Most broadly, the present work seeks to better understand the detailed organization of the human cerebellum to serve as a foundation for understanding and further developing novel interventions in the battle against mental illness.