Risk and Protective Factors for E-cigarettes Among Adolescents, Young-Adults, and Adults and Across Two Generations

这份为期3年的R01提案将审查社会发展和人口风险和保护 电子烟(e-cig)使用者的特征因素，探索e-cig与传统电子烟的结合使用 香烟(香烟)，并调查电子烟的代际传播使用和规范。分析将1) 确定哪些风险和保护因素最能预测青少年、年轻人、 和成年人，探索这些因素与吸烟风险因素以及性别和种族的不同；2)检查 烟草产品和电子烟之间的相互作用，检查使用香烟是否会导致电子烟，反之亦然， 它们是否会阻碍吸烟者戒烟的尝试，以及使用电子烟是否与更多 对烟草的正面规范；以及3)探索父母使用电子烟与规范的关联程度 儿童使用电子烟和香烟的积极规范，并对儿童使用其他物质构成风险。 拟议的项目特别适合于实现这些目标。它建立在现有的三个纵向基础上 研究：西雅图社会发展项目(SSDP)、代际项目(TIP)和 社区青年发展研究(青年发展研究)。SSDP参与者(n=808)从10岁起就被跟踪调查 (1985)，并已接受采访14次。最近一次在39岁(2014)收集的数据包括 电子烟使用的衡量标准。TIP追踪了已经为人父母的SSDP参与者，他们的第一个孩子， 自2002年以来，另一位照料者(N=412个家庭)使用加速纵向设计(1-28岁儿童 在10-20岁的青春期，N=315人接受了采访)。父母和孩子都有 接受了8次采访；2017年将再收集两波数据，包括电子烟项目- 2018年(单独出资)。CyDS是由24名青年(n=4,407；对照组n=2,002)组成的纵向小组 始于2003年的七个州的社区。参与者从不同年龄段开始接受了10次采访 10至23(2016)。21岁和23岁的数据包含电子CIG模块。 拟议项目以社会发展模式和积累的关于以下方面的知识为依据 来自文献的烟草使用的风险和保护因素。目前的研究带来了必要的纵向 跨越多个发展阶段的调查，前瞻性测量的烟草使用史，以及 能够观察电子烟的代际传播使用和规范。这三个数据集中的数据将 深入了解电子烟使用者的可识别特征及其对青少年烟草使用的影响 (TIP儿童)、年轻人(青少年儿童)和成年人(SSDP，TIP父母)以及之间的关系 家长和孩子使用电子烟(TIP)。通过利用现有的纵向研究，目前的建议是创新的，成本- 和时间效益，并处于独特的地位，以迅速填补我们的关键差距的电子烟的理解。 这项研究的结果将为预防提供可行的目标，并对政策和监管产生直接影响。

This 3-year R01 proposal will examine socio-developmental and demographic risk and protective factors that characterize e-cigarette (e-cig) users, explore the concomitant use of e-cig and conventional cigarettes (cigarettes), and investigate intergenerational transmission of e-cig use and norms. Analyses will 1) identify which risk and protective factors are most predictive of e-cig use among adolescents, young adults, and adults, explore how these factors differ from tobacco risk factors and by gender and ethnicity; 2) examine the interplay of tobacco products and e-cigs, examine whether cigarette use leads to e-cig and vice versa, whether they hinder cessation attempts among smokers, and whether using e-cigs is associated with more positive norms toward tobacco; and 3) explore the degree to which parent e-cig use and norms are associated with child use and positive norms for e-cigs and cigarettes, and pose a risk for child use of other substances. The proposed project is uniquely suited to address these aims. It builds on three existing longitudinal studies: The Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP), The Intergenerational Project (TIP), and the Community Youth Development Study (CYDS). SSDP participants (n = 808) have been followed since age 10 (1985) and have been interviewed 14 times. The most recent data collection at age 39 (2014) included measures of e-cig use. TIP has followed SSDP participants who have become parents, their first-born child, and another caregiver (N = 412 families) since 2002 using an accelerated longitudinal design (child age 1 - 28 years, N = 315 have been interviewed during adolescence between ages 10-20). Parents and children have been interviewed eight times; two additional waves of data, including e-cig items, will be collected in 2017 - 2018 (funded separately). CYDS is a longitudinal panel of youth (n = 4,407; control group n = 2,002) from 24 communities across seven states which began in 2003. Participants have been interviewed 10 times from ages 10 through 23 (2016). Data at ages 21 and 23 contain e-cig modules. The proposed project is informed by the Social Development Model and accumulated knowledge about the risk and protective factors for tobacco use from the literature. The current study brings needed longitudinal investigations that span multiple developmental periods, prospectively measured tobacco use history, and the ability to look at the intergenerational transmission of e-cig use and norms. Data from these three datasets will provide insight into identifiable characteristics of e-cig users, their impact on tobacco use among adolescents (TIP children), young adults (CYDS), and adults (SSDP, TIP parents), as well as the relationship between parent and child e-cig use (TIP). By using existing longitudinal studies, the current proposal is innovative, cost- and time-effective, and is uniquely positioned to rapidly address critical gaps in our understanding of e-cigs. Findings form this study will yield viable targets for prevention and direct implications for policy and regulation.