Precursors of Anxiety: The Role of Lateralized Brain Activation and Maternal Sensitivity

焦虑症是一生中最普遍的精神病理类型。恐惧/回避， 气质是焦虑症状的前兆，可以在生命的第一年可靠地观察到。因此，发展- 恐惧情绪，研究领域标准(RDoC)负价星座的关键组成部分，是 它本身就很重要，是焦虑症状的早期标志。令人恐惧的气质一直是 与明显的神经生理特征有关--相对右额叶激活，可通过电信号检测到- 头影(EEG)记录。左右半球之间的动态互惠效应有助于 这种不对称性以及相关的恐惧/回避行为状态，形成了风险与保护 关于焦虑。母性敏感不仅会影响恐惧症的发展，还会缓和这种联系。 恐惧反应和焦虑症状之间的关系。本研究解决了研究中的一个重要差距，即考试-- 左额叶和右额叶激活变化之间的相互作用作为传递ANSY的载体 与焦虑相关的风险，以及恐惧的反应，考虑到母亲的敏感性作为调节因素。这是假说- 大小：(1)右脑优势改变对婴儿期左脑激活发育的影响 以及婴儿恐惧的加速变化和相关电生理变化的耦合- 合乎逻辑的签名将增加焦虑的风险；(2)早期的母性敏感将有助于减弱 心理生理风险和焦虑之间的联系，稍后会强调这一点。以下是具体目标 建议：目的1.婴儿恐惧：建模行为和脑电变化受母亲敏感性的影响。 我们将在三个地点招收有婴儿的母亲(n=300)：华盛顿州普尔曼、弗吉尼亚州布莱克斯堡和佛罗里达州朱庇特。 要求在总体样本中提供种族/民族多样性，这些样本来自其他人口统计上相似的人 社区，以及与纵向设计相关的数据收集/处理需求。我们 将在6至18个月期间对婴儿恐惧进行多方法双月评估，依赖于计划的 错位设计。婴儿脑电将被记录下来，以测量额叶的激活以及对大脑的观察。 内在的敏感。将对行为和脑电指标的动态潜在变化影响进行建模，提供 婴儿时期的发展图景和为目标2做好准备2.解释焦虑症的发生：贡献 在恐惧、电生理和敏感度方面的潜在变化。恐惧和相关电信号变化的贡献 生理因素对焦虑的出现将被量化，考虑到母体的适度敏感。奇尔- 儿童将被跟踪到24个月大，获得问卷和结构化访谈家长报告，如 以及对行为抑制/焦虑行为的观察。恐惧和额部脑电的潜伏期变化评分 左派和右派的权力将被建模为焦虑的预测因子，母亲的敏感作为调节因素 这些链接中。拟议评估的完成预计将澄清恐惧发展和 在焦虑症状出现时，母亲的敏感性，告知采取预防措施(例如，父母培训)。

Anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent type of psychopathology across the lifespan. Fear/avoidance, temperament precursors of anxiety symptoms, can be observed reliably in the first year of life. Thus, develop- ment of fear, a critical component of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) negative valence constellation, is important in its own right, and represents an early marker of anxiety symptoms. Fearful temperament has been linked with a distinct neurophysiological signature – relative right frontal activation, detectable via electroen- cephalogram (EEG) recording. Dynamic reciprocal effects between the left and right hemispheres contribute to this asymmetry as well as associated behavioral states of fear/avoidance, and shape risk versus protection with respect to anxiety. Maternal sensitivity not only effects fear development, but also moderates links be- tween fear reactivity and anxiety symptoms. The present study addresses an important gap in research, exam- ining reciprocal effects between changes in left and right frontal activation as a vehicle for transmission of anxi- ety-related risk, along with fearful reactivity, considering maternal sensitivity as a moderator. It is hypothe- sized that (1) dominance of right hemisphere change effects on left activation growth across infancy and coupling of accelerated changes in infant fearfulness and shifts in the associated electrophysio- logical signature will confer the risk for anxiety; (2) early maternal sensitivity will serve to attenuate links between psychophysiological risk and anxiety, accentuating it later. The following specific aims are proposed: Aim 1. Infant fearfulness: Modeling behavioral and EEG changes moderated by maternal sensitivity. We will enroll mothers with infants (n=300) at three sites: Pullman, WA, Blacksburg, VA, and Jupiter, FL, re- quired to provide racial/ethnic diversity in the overall sample recruited from otherwise demographically similar communities, and because of data collection/processing demands associated with the longitudinal design. We will conduct multi-method bimonthly assessments of infant fear from 6 to 18 months, relying on a planned missingness design. Infant EEG will be recorded to measure frontal activation along with observations of ma- ternal sensitivity. Dynamic latent change effects will be modeled for behavioral and EEG indicators, providing a picture of development across infancy and setting the stage for Aim 2. Explaining anxiety onset: Contributions of latent change in fear, electrophysiology, and sensitivity. Contributions of changes in fear and related electro- physiology to the emergence of anxiety will be quantified, considering moderation of maternal sensitivity. Chil- dren will be followed until 24 months of age, obtaining questionnaire and structured interview parent-report, as well as observations of behavioral inhibition/anxious behaviors. Latent change scores for fear and frontal EEG power on the left and the right will be modeled as predictors of anxiety, with maternal sensitivity as a moderator of these links. Completion of the proposed evaluation is expected to clarify the role of fear development and maternal sensitivity in the onset of anxiety symptoms, informing preventative efforts (e.g., parent training).