Dispatchable Air Conditioning (DAC)

印度现有的电力供需管理方法正受到经济和人口增长推动的需求增长、低碳转型推动的互联间歇性发电增长以及部分由城市空气污染问题推动的交通电气化的影响。人们普遍认为，如果要实现与供应安全、脱碳和空气质量相关的政策目标，就需要新的方法来协助电网管理。住宅部门需求增长的一个关键驱动因素是住宅空调系统的采用，在许多城市中心已达到40%。这项技术也代表了一个尚未开发的需求响应机会；例如，在美国提供8gw的灵活运营储备，与其他灵活供应方法相比，其成本极具竞争力。DAC项目开发了一种新的控制系统，能够从印度现有的住宅交流系统中获得灵活性。该系统基于来自多目标、基于云的控制平台的输入，使用电网属性触发器（例如电压、频率）和基于时间的信号来修改交流系统的运行。控制器测量住宅内部温度，以确保接入的交流系统的灵活性受到当地热舒适要求的约束。系统方法的证据基础将由一项实地试验提供，该试验涉及在印度南部泰米尔纳德邦的30个住宅中部署DAC系统，进行为期6个月的实地试验。该系统的设计和商业化将由三个利益相关方研讨会指导。前者的输出将用于确定与印度电网管理有关的配电和网络层面的控制目标。第二部分的产出将探索提供这些服务可以创造的价值，从而允许随后开发新颖的商业模式，将所有利益相关者之间的衍生价值社会化。这些商业模式将利用第三次研讨会的成果加以调整，该研讨会将调查该技术的任何分配影响的缓解方法。DAC项目将由一个已建立的团队交付和管理，该团队在过去三年中一直在印度的需求和电网管理项目上进行合作。他们包括社会包容、热舒适、产品设计、数据科学、控制理论和可持续发展领域的专家，并在印度国家和邦一级的能源政策中拥有广泛的影响网络。

Incumbent methods of managing supply and demand of electricity in India are being disrupted by increased demand driven by economic and population growth, growth in connected intermittent generation driven by the low carbon transition and by the electrification of transport driven in part by urban air pollution concerns. It is widely acknowledged that new approaches are required to assist grid management if policy objectives associated with security of supply, decarbonisation and air quality are to be met.A key driver of demand growth in the residential sector is the uptake of residential air conditioning (AC) systems which has reached 40% in many urban centres. This technology also represents an untapped demand response opportunity; for instance providing c8GW of flexible operating reserve in the US with provision highly cost competitive compared to alternative methods of flexibility provision.The DAC project develops a novel control system capable of accessing flexibility from existing residential AC systems in India. The system modifies operation of AC systems based on input from a multi-objective, cloud-based control platform using grid property triggers (e.g. voltage, frequency) and time based signals. The controller measures internal temperature in the dwelling to ensure that the accessed AC system flexibility is constrained by found, local thermal comfort requirements. An evidence base for the system approach will be provided by a field trial involving deployment of DAC systems in a 30 dwelling, six month field trial located in Tamil Nadu in Southern India.The design and commercialisation of the system will be guided by three stakeholder workshops. Output from the first will be used to define control objectives relevant to Indian grid management at both distribution and network level. Output from the second will explore the value that can be created from provision of these services, allowing subsequent development of novel business models that socialise derived value between all stakeholders. These business models will be tempered using output from the third workshop that investigates mitigation approaches for any distributional effects of the technology.The DAC project will be delivered and managed by an established team who have been collaborating on demand and grid management projects in India for the last three years. They contain experts in social inclusion , thermal comfort, product design, data science, control theory and business development in the sustainability sector and contain a wide network of influencers in Indian energy policy at both a National and State level.