EVOLUTION OF SENSORY SYSTEMS

该项目的长期目标是确定生态和 哺乳动物听觉能力变异的神经学相关性 并研究视觉在听觉进化中的作用。它登上了 蝙蝠听觉定位与被动声音定位的比较研究。 蝙蝠提供了一个机会来检查阐述 对于积极使用声纳的听力已经产生了更基本的听觉和 视觉能力是常见哺乳动物计划的一部分。 我们建议研究各种蝙蝠的听觉能力。 被选中来帮助回答哺乳动物为什么听起来像他们这样的问题 (听力的进化)以及不同的听力能力是如何实现的 (听觉的解剖学和生理学基础)一共有三个 目标明确； 1.测定选定的多种物种的听力 它们觅食策略的基础(声纳的类型和对被动的依赖 声音定位和视觉)。行为测试将包括：完成 听力图，特别强调回声脉冲的频率 猎物产生的噪音，频差限制，被动声音 定位敏锐度，以及双耳时间和强度线索的使用。 2.确定视觉和声音定位之间的关系 在其他哺乳动物身上发现的敏锐度也适用于蝙蝠。蝙蝠已经改变了 视觉和听觉的相对作用，并提供了探索的机会 进一步探讨了哺乳动物评价中听觉和视觉的关系。 将对视网膜进行组织学检查以确定最佳视野 视力和视力极限；这些特征将被检查 它们与声音本土化的关系。 3.对蝙蝠听觉脑干核团进行检测和量化 在这个项目中测试，以确定听觉之间的关系 解剖和行为听力能力。这些原子核是 在听觉神经系统中变化最大，它们之间差异很大 不同生活方式和回声定位叫声的蝙蝠。 这项研究的最终目标是获得对非典型 人类的听觉功能和神经系统。我们将获得洞察力 不同生活方式中感官的相互作用如何 影响了知觉适应和神经的进化 在这些适应的基础上。

The long range goals of this project are to determine the ecological and neurological correlates of the variation in auditory abilities in mammals and to examine the role of vision in the evolution of hearing. It embarks on a comparative survey of hearing and passive sound localization in bats. Bats present an opportunity to examine the effects that elaborations of hearing for the active use of sonar have had on the more basic auditory and visual abilities that are part of the common mammalian plan. We propose to examine the auditory abilities of a variety of bat species selected to help answer the questions of why mammals hear as they do (evolution of hearing) and how different hearing abilities are achieved (anatomical and physiological substrates of hearing). There are three specific aims; 1. To determine the hearing capacities of a variety of species selected on the basis of their foraging strategy (type of sonar and reliance on passive sound localization and vision). Behavioral tests will include:complete audiograms with special emphasis given to the frequencies of the echo pulse and prey-generated noises, frequency difference limens, passive sound localization acuity, and the use of binaural time and intensity cues. 2. To determine whether the relation between vision and sound-localization acuity found in other mammals also applies to bats. Bats have altered the relative roles of vision and audition and provide an opportunity to explore further the relation between hearing and vision in mammalian evaluation. Retinae will be examined histologically to determine the field of best vision and limit of visual acuity; these features will be examined for their relation to sound-localization. 3. To examine and quantify the auditory brainstem nuclei of the bats tested in this project in order to determine the relation between auditory anatomy and behavioral hearing abilities. These nuclei are some of the most variable in the auditory nervous system and they vary widely among bats of differing lifestyles and echolocation calls. The ultimate goal of this research is to gain perspective on the atypical auditory functioning and neural systems of humans. We will gain insight into how the interaction of the senses in different lifestyles has influenced the evolution of perceptual adaptations and the neural substrates underlying those adaptations.