SENSATION AND BEHAVIOR IN FETUS AND NEWBORN

发育过程是由刺激激活和塑造的。 刺激或经验的来源可以在 发展生物的栖息地。 我们已经确定并量化了 通常存在于产前和纳塔尔的生物刺激 挪威鼠（Rattus norvegicus） 母性行为和 生理学提供丰富触觉、前庭和热刺激 胎儿和新生儿哺乳动物。 在怀孕期间，母亲的运动 和自我梳理刺激子宫内的胎儿。 分娩期间，子宫 宫缩压缩并加速胎儿。 出生时，幼崽 暴露于长时间的冷却和与之相关的额外刺激， 母亲的舔和检索。 母体衍生的刺激是 通过围产期大鼠检测，如行为和自主神经 应答 母亲衍生的刺激做出重要贡献， 新生儿的产后适应，出生时促进呼吸 和哺乳期的开始 唤醒似乎在 这些里程碑式事件的发展出现。 在当前 应用，我们提出了行为和生理唤醒的研究 在新生大鼠中。 运动活动，心率，代谢活动， 呼吸频率和超声发声，将被测量 在产后期间。 循环儿茶酚胺 （去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺）。 将进行乳头附着试验， 生理变量对新生儿行为功能的影响。 这一系列 调查将导致更好地了解关系 行为/生理变量，新生儿唤醒和产前 学习 这些研究将解决有关 从产前到产后的过渡。 早期发展研究 可以为解释和整合新数据提供框架， 可以帮助指导未来的基础科学和应用科学研究， 科学

Developmental processes are activated and shaped by stimulation. Sources of stimulation, or experience, can be found within the developing organism's habitat. We have identified and quantified biological stimuli that are normally present in the prenatal and natal habitats of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Maternal behavior and physiology provide abundant tactile, vestibular and thermal stimulation to fetal and newborn mammals. During gestation, the mother's locomotion and self-grooming stimulate fetuses in utero. During labor, uterine contractions compress and accelerate fetuses. During birth, pups are exposed to prolonged cooling, and to additional stimulation associated with the mother's licking and retrieving. Maternally-derived stimuli are detected by perinatal rats, as evidenced by behavioral and autonomic responses. Maternally-derived stimuli make important contributions to postpartum adaptation of the neonate, by facilitating breathing at birth and the onset of suckling. Arousal appears to play an important role in the developmental emergence of these milestone events. In the current application, we propose studies of behavioral and physiological arousal in newborn rats. Motor activity, heart rate, metabolic activity, respiratory frequency, and ultrasonic vocalizations, will be measured during the postpartum period. Circulating catecholamines (norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine) will also be measured. Tests of nipple attachment will be performed to relate behavioral and physiological variables to neonatal behavioral function. This series of investigations will lead to improved understanding of the relations between behavioral/physiological variables, neonatal arousal and prenatal learning. These studies will address important issues regarding the transition from prenatal to postnatal life. Studies of early development can provide a framework for interpreting and integrating new data, and can help direct future investigations in basic science and in applied science.