CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR BY DRUG INJECTION

人类滥用的大多数药物都可以作为积极的增强剂来维持 并加强导致它们在动物身上使用的行为。 正在进行实验，以评估由 大鼠和猴的精神活性药物及其药理能力 或行为操纵来改变寻求毒品和吸毒的行为 行为。目前，研究的重点是可卡因、冰毒、 尼古丁和Delta-9-THC(大麻的有效成分)使用不同的 实验程序，包括；静脉自我给药 评估增强效果、放射性配基结合和定量 放射自显影测定D_1、D_2、类阿片、5-羟色胺和多巴胺的密度 甲基苯丙胺持续作用后几个脑区的摄取部位 或可卡因自我给药，以及评估 不同的5-羟色胺或多巴胺能激动剂和拮抗剂 减弱甲基苯丙胺或可卡因的增强作用。在……里面 一项研究，强化和神经适应方面的可能差异 可卡因与多巴胺选择性抑制剂GBR-12909的反应 在可卡因滥用中有治疗作用的转运蛋白， 已评估。可卡因和GBR-12909对多巴胺能的不同影响 并具有不同的强化和神经适应作用。在其他 研究，我们正在研究咖啡因暴露对增强和 尼古丁的其他行为特性。摄入咖啡因的大鼠 获得的饮用水静脉滴注。尼古丁自我给药速度更快， 达到比对照组更高的摄入量水平。松鼠猴子展示了 尼古丁自我给药反应增加，并显著 尼古丁的其他行为效应增强。最后，研究 我们实验室的研究表明，老鼠和猴子会释放出长链的 在二次调度表下的行为，以获得非常罕见或甚至 单次注射毒品。目前，二次订单的时间表正在进行 用于研究与可卡因相关的刺激的动机特性 或甲基苯丙胺在大鼠和松鼠猴子体内的自我给药，以 尝试建立猴子滥用大麻的动物模型，并 评估潜在的神经生物学机制。从二阶开始 研究称，时间表更类似于人类滥用药物的情况 维持减少行为的药理和行为手段 使用这些程序将对预防具有重要意义 与药物滥用有关的艾滋病毒传播。

Most drugs which humans abuse serve as positive reinforcers to maintain and strengthen behavior leading to their administration in animals. Experiments are being conducted to assess behavior maintained by psychoactive drugs in rats and monkeys and the ability of pharmacological or behavioral manipulations to modify drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Currently, studies are focusing on cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, and delta-9-THC (active ingredient of marijuana) using various experimental procedures, including; intravenous self-administration to assess reinforcing efficacy, radioligand binding and quantitative autoradiography to measure density of D1, D2, mu-opioid, 5-HT and DA uptake sites in several brain regions after persistent methamphetamine or cocaine self-administration, and assessment of the effectiveness of different serotonergic or dopaminergic agonists and antagonists in attenuating methamphetamine's or cocaine's reinforcing properties. In one study, possible differences in reinforcing and neuroadaptive responses to cocaine versus GBR-12909, a selective inhibitor of the DA transporter with a postulated therapeutic use in cocaine abuse, were evaluated. Cocaine and GBR-12909 differentially affected dopaminergic systems and had different reinforcing and neuroadaptive effects. In other studies, we are examining effects of caffeine exposure on reinforcing and other behavioral properties of nicotine. Rats consuming caffeine in their drinking water acquired i.v. nicotine self-administration faster and reached higher levels of intake than controls. Squirrel monkeys showed increases in nicotine self-administration responding and a marked potentiation of other behavioral effects of nicotine. Finally, research in our lab has shown that rats and monkeys will emit long chains of behavior under second-order schedules to obtain highly infrequent or even single injections of drug. Currently, second-order schedules are being used to study motivational properties of stimuli associated with cocaine or methamphetamine self-administration in rats and squirrel monkeys, to try to develop an animal model of marijuana abuse in monkeys, and to assess underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Since second-order schedules are more analogous to the human drug abuse situation, the study of pharmacological and behavioral means of reducing behavior maintained using these procedures will have important implications for prevention of HIV transmission related to drug abuse.