FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PERCEPTUAL AND MEMORY SYSTEMS IN THE PRIMATE BRAIN

为了更好地了解大脑皮层的机制， 记忆，我们已经检查了组成视觉的功能区域， 研究了非人类灵长类动物的联合皮层，并探索了它们之间的相互联系 通过使用神经解剖追踪技术结合 神经活动的生理记录。 我们的研究结果表明， 在初级视觉皮层之外， 在信息处理的流程中。 这些地区形成两个 等级组织和功能特化的皮层通路：一个 枕颞通路，或“腹侧流”，用于识别 对象，和枕顶通路，或'背流'为 欣赏物体和视觉之间的空间关系 引导他们走向正确的方向。 然而，在沿着 进入颞叶的通路处理视觉特征对象，例如 颜色和形状，那些位于沿着进入颞叶的通路的区域 处理对象的视觉空间属性，例如它们的方向 议案 这两种加工途径不仅在解剖学上， 功能上不同，但它们也可以通过其 神经化学特征 然而，大脑中的绝大多数神经元 枕顶通路含有神经丝蛋白， 只有不到一半的神经元在枕颞通路上 中 为了确定人类和猴子大脑之间的同源性，我们有 开始使用功能性脑成像对人类受试者进行研究， 使用相同的免疫组织学染色技术 用在猴子的脑组织上。 到目前为止在我们的大脑成像中 研究中，我们已经定位了两个视觉处理途径内的 人脑 此外，我们已经证明，学习和 保持简单的技能，包括知觉和运动，涉及神经 机制位于非常早期阶段的皮层处理，即， 初级视觉和运动皮层 在研究人脑组织时， 已经成功地识别出人脑中的几个皮层区域， 已经在猴脑中描述了，包括视觉区域V2，V3和V4。 山 未来的研究将继续进行脑功能成像研究， 人类的知觉和记忆以及平行单细胞记录研究 在清醒的猴子身上

To better understand the cortical mechanisms mediating perception nd memory, we have examined the functional areas that comprise visual association cortex in nonhuman primates and explored their interconnections by the use of neuroanatomical tracing techniques in combination with physiological recording of neural activity. Our results indicate that a multiplicity of separate visual areas lie beyond the primary visual cortex in the stream of information processing. These areas form two hierarchically organized and functionally specialized cortical pathways: an occipitotemporal pathway, or 'ventral stream' for the identification of objects, and an occipitoparietal pathway, or 'dorsal stream' for the appreciation of the spatial relationships among objects and the visual guidance of movement towards them. Whereas neurons in the areas along the pathway into the temporal lobe process the visual featrues objects, such as color and form, those in areas along the pathway into the temporal lobe process the visuospatial attributes of objects, such as their direction of motion. Not only are the two processing pathways anatomically and functionally distinct, but they can also be differentiated by their neurochemical profiles. Whereas the vast majority of neurons within the occipitoparietal pathway contain neurofilament protein, this is true for less than half the neurons within the occipitotemporal pathway. In an attempt to identify homologies between the human and monkey brains, we have begun investigations of human subjects using functional brain imaging and of human brain tissue using the same immunohistological staining techniques that we have used on monkey brain tissue. Thus far in our brain imaging studies, we have localized the two visual processing pathways within the human brain. Additionally, we have demonstrated that the learning and retention of simple skills, both perceptual and motor, involves neural mechanisms located at very early stages of cortical processing, namely, the primary visual and motor cortex. In our work with human brain tissue, we have successfully identified several cortical areas int he human brain that have been described in the monkey brain, including visual areas V2, V3 and MT. Future studies will pursue functional brain imaging studies of perceptual and memory in humans and parallel single-cell recording studies in awake, behaving monkeys.