Clustered Blockchain Platform for Air pollution Data Aggregation and Dissemination– A Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Approach to Air Pollution Tracking (Air-PoT)

与其他肺部疾病一样，新冠肺炎会因空气污染而恶化。剑桥大学、哈佛大学等机构的大量研究表明，污染物浓度越高，症状越严重，死亡人数激增，Covid-19病毒传播率也越高（《卫报》，2020年；《欧洲医疗保健》，2020年；NCBI《环境污染期刊》等）。先前的研究也类似地表明，暴露在空气污染中会大大增加SARS \[2003 coronavirus outbreak\]和其他肺部疾病（如哮喘）的并发症/死亡风险。科学家们建议，由于Covid-19和高空气污染浓度可能会长期存在，患有Covid-19、哮喘等肺部疾病的人应该考虑积极避开高污染浓度的地方，以减少与污染相关的并发症/传播/死亡人数。因此，这将减少因Covid-19导致的潜在死亡人数，目前封锁正在摧毁企业和经济。避免污染的行为需要在颗粒水平上积极监测污染，并有效/实时地传播监测结果。这些结果可以支持明智的决策，锁定小块区域，而不是整个城市，这些区域的Covid-19并发症/传播/死亡人数与高污染浓度相对应，从而提供机会将这些区域的污染和相关的Covid-19并发症/传播/死亡人数迅速降低到较低水平。英国目前拥有进行这种细粒度监测的基础设施，数万个支持物联网（IoT）的污染传感器正在运行（BBC,2019）。这些设备/传感器由数百个议会拥有（例如，伦敦市长在伦敦拥有100个传感器，纽卡斯尔拥有600多个传感器等）；数以百计的财团计划（如Happy Crocodile、Beat the street等）；众多机构/组织（如伦敦港务局）；和许多私人团体（例如，Clean-Air Eastbourne有超过10个传感器）然而，这些所有者通过许多不同的不协调的来源/网站（例如，breathe London web， hackair web等）分享他们的结果，这些网站以非常不同的方式显示信息，从而使访问和理解这些数据/信息的能力变得困难。这一趋势在欧洲也很相似，有大量的传感器（EU Science Hub, 2017; iSCAPE, 2017），美国有超过10万个传感器（Understory, 2019； BBC, 2019），通过许多不同的方式传播。因此，该项目旨在提供一个中央平台，允许污染设备/传感器所有者通过单一的即插即用访问共享实时污染数据，然后使用应用程序以简化和个性化的可理解格式转发给感兴趣的用户。这符合英国政府的清洁空气战略，即提供个人空气质量信息系统，告知公众空气污染水平。该项目将包括：1)集群区块链集中平台，1)物联网污染传感器所有者可以直接将其数据插入其中以进行后续共享。1b)将向传感器所有者支付使用其数据的费用；2)一款应用程序，该应用程序将使用大数据分析、深度学习和预测分析（人工智能）；2a)根据最终用户感兴趣的领域（例如使用邮政编码或路线搜索）显示污染数据；2b)为没有监测设备的地区生成以数据为中心的空气污染模型。2)利用历史天气、交通和其他污染驾驶数据预测未来的污染水平3)历史污染数据数据库，可购买用于研究、咨询、政策制定等。

Like other lung-diseases, Covid-19 is exacerbated by air-pollution. Numerous studies from Cambridge University, Harvard University, among others revealed that higher pollutants concentrations correspond with exacerbated symptoms, fatalities spike and increased Covid-19 virus transmission (The Guardian, 2020; Healthcare-in-Europe, 2020; NCBI's journal on Environmental-Pollution, etc.). Previous studies similarly showed that air-pollution exposure dramatically increased complications/death-risk from SARS \[2003 coronavirus outbreak\], and other lung-diseases like Asthma.Scientists propose that since Covid-19 and high air-pollution concentrations will likely be around for a longtime, people with lung-diseases like Covid-19, Asthma, etc. should consider actively avoiding places at their times of high pollution concentrations to reduce pollution associated complications/transmission/death toll. This will consequently reduce potential Covid-19 deaths triggered lockdowns which are currently decimating businesses and economy. Avoidance behaviour requires active pollution monitoring at granular levels, and effective/live dissemination of monitoring results. Such results can support informed decision to lock down small pockets, as against a whole city, with spike in Covid-19 complications/transmission/death toll that correspond with high pollution concentrations, providing the opportunity to return pollution and associated Covid-19 complications/transmission/death in such pockets to lower levels quickly.The UK currently has the infrastructure for such granular monitoring, with tens of thousands of Internet-of-Things (IoT) enabled pollution-sensors in operation (BBC,2019). These equipment/sensors are owned by 100s of councils (e.g. London Mayor has 100s of sensors in London, Newcastle has over 600, etc.); 100s of consortiums' schemes (e.g. Happy Crocodile, Beat the street, etc.); numerous authorities/organisations (e.g. Port of London Authority); and numerous private groups (e.g. Clean-Air Eastbourne has over 10 sensors)These owners however share their results through many different uncoordinated sources/websites (e.g. breathe London web, hackair web, among countless others) which display information in very different ways thus making access and ability to understand this data/information difficult. The trend is similar across Europe with massive number of sensors (EU Science Hub, 2017; iSCAPE, 2017) and USA with over 100,000 sensors (Understory, 2019; BBC, 2019), disseminated via many different means.This project thus aims to provide a central platform that allows pollution equipment/sensors owners a single plug and play access to share live pollution data, which is then relayed to interested users in a simplified and personalised understandable format using an app. This in line with the UK government's clean air strategy to provide a personal air-quality messaging system to inform public of air-pollution levels. The project will include:1) A clustered blockchain centralised platform that1a) IoT pollution sensors owner can directly plug their data into for onward sharing.1b) will pay sensors owners for use of their data2) an app that will use big-data-analytics, deep learning and predictive analytics (artificial intelligence) to2a) display pollution data based on end users' areas of interest (e.g. using postcode or route search)2b) produce a data centric air pollution model for areas without monitoring equipment.2c) predict forthcoming pollution levels using historic weather, traffic and other pollution driving data3) Databank of historic pollution data that can be bought for research, consultancy, policy making, etc.