CONSTRUAL BIASES IN THE MEDIATION OF CONFLICT

描述（申请人摘要）：提出了17项研究， 检查各种认知，知觉，动机和 社会进程在制造和维持社会冲突方面发挥作用， 阻碍解决争端。 其中一组研究来自于一项分析， “天真现实主义”（即，一个人的感知和信仰 代表“客观现实”的准确写照）， 考虑两个相关的现象：倾向于高估极端 和意识形态的一致性，以及倾向于看到敌对 调解人和其他“第三方”的努力存在偏见。“第二套 研究的重点是党派“反应性”贬值的趋势， 包括“另一方”提供的让步（即，的倾向 减少某人对已经明确的妥协或让步的喜爱 相对于尚未提供的替代品而言）。 第三组 的研究审查了其他三个争议解决障碍：即，的 追求公平，不愿意承担损失，以实现 收益，以及先前谈判失败造成的不和谐。 一 最后一组研究检查了一些战略的有效性 我们的概念分析假设，以减少或消除各种 解决冲突的障碍。 在这些研究中遵循的研究策略一般涉及三个 相关内容：一是现象展示，探索 参数;第二，调查基本过程;第三，测试 我们的概念分析（以及 现实世界的经验）建议应该减弱所讨论的现象。 这些研究谈到了关于相互作用的经典理论问题， 认知、知觉和动机过程的一部分--例如，同化 对比，不和谐与反抗，解释的转变 与偏好或优先级的变化-在影响人类判断， 决策。 与此同时，他们承诺为 寻求理解和改善僵局的从业者，以及 威胁个人心理健康的敌意和不信任的螺旋式上升 并危及个人、团体甚至国家之间的关系。

DESCRIPTION (Applicant's Abstract): Seventeen studies are proposed to examine the role that various cognitive, perceptual, motivational, and social processes play in creating and perpetuating social conflict, and in thwarting dispute resolution. One set of studies proceeds from an analysis of "naive realism" (i.e., the belief that one's own perceptions and beliefs represent an accurate portrayal of "objective reality") to derive and consider two related phenomena: the tendency to overestimate the extremity and ideological consistency of partisans, and the tendency to see hostile bias in the efforts of mediators and other "third parties." A second set of studies focuses on the tendency for partisans to "reactively" devalue comprises and concessions offered by the "other side" (i.e., the tendency to decrease one's liking for compromises or concessions that have been explicit offered, relative to alternatives that have not been offered). A third set of studies examines three other dispute-resolution barriers: i.e., the pursuit of equity, the unwillingness to bear losses in order to achieve gains, and the dissonance engendered by previous negotiation failures. A final set of studies examines the effectiveness of a number of strategies hypothesized by our conceptual analyses to reduce or eliminate various conflict-resolution barriers. The research strategy followed in these studies generally involves three related components: first, demonstrating phenomena and exploring parameters; second, investigating underlying processes; and third, testing the success of various "interventions" that our conceptual analyses (and real-world experiences) suggest should attenuate the phenomena in question. These studies speak to classic theoretical issues concerning the interplay of cognitive, perceptual, and motivational processes-e.g., assimilation versus contrast, dissonance versus reactance, shifts in interpretation versus shifts in preference or priority-in influencing human judgment and decision -making. At the same time, they promise significant dividends for practitioners who seek to understand and ameliorate the stalemates, and spirals of hostility and distrust, that threaten individual mental health and jeopardize relationships among individuals, groups, and even nations.